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I D E OPDRACHT EN HAAR UITVOERING A. A a n l e i d i n g t o t h e t onderzoek B. H e t onderzoek z e l f C. De v o o r t z e t t i n g INSTITUUT VOOR ORGANISATIE ONTWIKKELING Veickenboschleen 8 - Postbus 299 - 3700 AG Zeist - Hollend -Te l . 03404) 20044 5864.795 AB -BE/LG HULPVERLENING AAN GEHANDICAPTEN VERSLAG VAN EEN ORIENTATIE EP/RE:BOEK VOOR VERNIEUWERS * b l z . 2 2 3 3 I I EEN BEELD VAN HET VELD 5 I I I METHODISCHE HULPMIDDELEN B I J VERNIEUWING 6 IV WERKVRAGEN 8 A. Algemeen B. De gehandicapte 9 C. De i n f r a s t r u c t u u r 1 3 D. H e t helpproces 2 4 V METHODE EN MENSBEELD 2 8 A. De betekenis van de methoden d i e de onderzoeker en de veranderaar gebruiken 2 8 B. I n t e n t i e , proces en r e s u l t a a t 2 8 C. De keuze van h e t mensbeeld 2 9 B i j l a g e - Onze gesprekspartners Het v e r d i e n t aanbeveling kennis t e nemen van “de n o v e l l e ” , waarin h e t m a t e r i a a l u i t d i t r a p p o r t i n een verhalend beeld i s samengevat. B i j verdere d i s t r i b u t i e van d i t r a p p o r t s t e l l e n de auteurs op p r i j s daarvan i n kennis t e worden g e s t e l d . Ook worden z i j gaarne gelnformeerd o v e r de ervaringen d i e z i j o p - gedaan b i j h e t werken met d i t m a t e r i a a l . HULPVERLENING AAN GEHANDICAPTEN VERSLAG VAN EEN ORIENTATIE I D E OPDRACHT EN HAAR UITVOERING WERKBOEK VOOR VERNIEUWERS 2 . A. A a n l e i d i n g t o t h e t onderzoek I n 1976 wendde d e NVR z i c h t o t d e t o e n m a l i g e s t a a t s s e c r e - t a r i s H e n d r i k s m e t h e t v e r z o e k , m i d d e l e n t e r b e s c h i k k i n g t e s t e l l e n v o o r e e n onderzoek n a a r d e o o r d i n a t i e e n d e c l i ë n t - g e r i c h t h e i d v a n d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g . De d i e n s t v e r l e n e n d e o r g a n i - s a t i e s z e l f maakten z i c h d a a r o v e r z o r g e n . D e v r a a g werd v e r - wezen n a a r d e d a a r v o o r i n g e s t e l d e sub-commissie u i t d e I n t e r d e p a r t e m e n t a l e S t u u r g r o e p R e v a l i d a t i e . Deze commissie zag geen a a n l e i d i n g t o t e e n d e r g e l i j k o n d e r z o e k : “ N u m i d d e l s de AAW d e GMD s t e e d s meer h e t c e n t r a l e e n t r e e - p u n t z o u w o r - den, w a r e n immers a l l e c o n d i t i e s v o o r e e n g e c o ö r d i n e e r d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g aanwezig. Wanneer d e NVR aanspraak w i l d e maken op o v e r h e i d s m i d d e l e n , z o u z i j d e noodzaak v a n e e n d e r g e l i j k onderzoek m e t h a r d e argumenten moeten a a n t o n e n . ” Daarop h e e f t d e NVR h a a r l e d e n aangeschreven, alsmede h e t R e v a l i - d a t i e f o n d s . D a t r e s u l t e e r d e i n e e n b u d g e t v a n f 4 7 . 0 0 0 , - - . Het N P I w e r d v e r z o c h t b i n n e n deze m o g e l i j k h e d e n e e n o r i ë n - t e r e n d onderzoek n a a r d e genoemde p r o b l e e m s t e l l i n g t e v e r - r i c h t e n . Hoewel r e e d s i n d e p e r i o d e n a j a a r “ 7 7 - zomer ' 7 8 v o o r b e - reidende b e s p r e k i n g e n g e v o e r d werden e n e e n u i t g a n g s p u n t e n - n o t a werd geschreven, k o n met d e e i g e n l i j k e o r i ë n t a t i e e e r s t worden begonnen i n september ' 7 8 , o m d a t t o e n p a s d e m i d d e l e n t e r b e s c h i k k i n g s t o n d e n . De h e r e n Bekman e n Bos v a n h e t D P I v o e r d e n i n d e p e r i o d e september ' 7 8 - a p r i l ' 7 9 g e s p r e k k e n met e e n 4 0 - t a l mensen. I n d e b i j l a g e k r i j g t u e e n i n d r u k v a n d e s p r e i d i n g n a a r gebied, p r o f e s s i e e n v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k h e i d . I n t o t a a l besteedden z i j c a . 5 0 0 - m a n u r e n ( e x c l u s i e f c a . 1 0 0 r e i s u r e n ) a a n gesprekken, t e r u g r a p p o r t a g e a a n g e i n t e r v i e w d e n , ruggespraak met e e n k l e i n e s t u u r g r o e p u i t d e NVR e n v o o r b e - r e i d i n g v a n d e r a p p o r t a g e . B. H e t onderzoek z e l f Om d e ” r e s u l t a t e n “ v a n d e o r i ë n t a t i e e n d e v t i b r u l i g g e n d e r a p p o r t a g e d a a r o v e r n a a r waarde t e kunnen s c h a t t e n , m o e t i e t s meer v e r t e l d worden o v e r h e t onderzoek z e l f . W i j hebben ons v a n meet a f a a n o p g e s t e l d n i e t a l l e e n a l s onderzoekers, m a a r o o k a l s v e r a n d e r a a r s . W i j hebben o n s n i e t beschouwd a l s b u i t e n s t a a n d e r s , m a a r a l s m e e s p e l e r s , d i e z e l f e e n mens-beeld hebben e n d u i d e l i j k e o p v a t t i n g e n over d e r i c h t i n g w a a r i n d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g z i c h z o u d i e n e n t e o n t w i k k e l e n . E e n methodologische v e r a n t w o o r d i n g , alsmede een e x p l i c i t e r i n g v a n h e t mensbeeld a c h t e r onze w e r k w i j z e v i n d t u i n h o o f d s t u k V. Het onderzoek k a n geen e n k e l e a a n s p r a a k maken o p v o l l e d i g - h e i d , r e p r e s e n t a t i v i t e i t o f k w a n t i t a t i e v e ” h a r d h e i d “ . D a a r - toe was h e t b u d g e t t e b e s c h e i d e n . B o v e n d i e n g e l o v e n w i j n i e t i n z u l k e s o o r t o n d e r z o e k i n g e n . Te g e n d e t i j d d a t h e t - - d o o r z ' n v o l l e d i g h e i d m o e i l i j k l e e s b a r e - r a p p o r t v e r s c h i j n t i s d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d a l w e e r v e r a n d e r d e n h e t r a p p o r t v e r - ouderd. Daarom z i j n w i j i n o n s o n d e r z o e k v e e l meer o p z o e k geweest naar mensen d i e b e z i g z i j n om h e t v e l d t e v e r a n d e r e n i n d e r i c h t i n g v a n meer samenhangende e n c l i ë n t g e r i c h t e h u l p v e r - l e n i n g . W i j hebben i n z i c h t p r o b e r e n t e k r i j g e n i n h u n e r v a - r i n g e n , d e weerstanden waarmee z i j t e kampen hebben, h u n a c h t e r l i g g e n d e c o n c e p t i e s , h u n e i g e n t e k o r t k o m i n g e n , e . d . Door deze mensen heen hebben w i j n a a r h e t v e l d gekeken. De l e z e r k r i j g t e e n b e e l d z o a l s d a t v e r s c h i j n t v a n u i t d e o p t i e k v a n d e o n d e r z o e k e r, k i j k e n d d o o r d e e r v a r i n g e n v a n concrete mensen. W i j hebben d i e mensen n i e t a - s e l e c t u i t - gezocht o f d o o r steekproefmethodes b e p a a l d . Beginnend b i j onze e e r s t e c o n t a c t p e r s o n e n b i n n e n d e NVR z i j n z e o n s a a n - bevolen, z i j n we verwezen, werden we i n c o n t a c t g e b r a c h t . O. De v o o r t z e t t i n q 3s W i j z i e n d i t o n d e r z o e k z i j n v o o r t z e t t i n g v i n d e n i n e e n a a n t a l c o n c r e t e e x p e r i m e n t e l e p r o j e c t e n , w a a r b i j r e e d s lopende a a n z e t t e n t o t meer samenhangende e n c l i ë n t g e - r i c h t e h u l p v e r l e n i n g methodisch e n s y s t e m a t i s c h worden uitgebouwd. D a a r n a a s t z i e n w i j d e w e n s e l i j k h e i d v a n e e n l a n d e l i j k c o n g r e s - b . v . e e n r e v a l i d a t i e d a g , z o a l s d i e i n 1977 o o k p l a a t s v o n d - waardoor o v e r d e z a k e n d i e i n d i t v e r - s l a g aan d e o r d e worden g e s t e l d e e n b r e d e e n fundamentele d i s c u s s i e o p gang w o r d t g e b r a c h t . Voor d e r e a l i s e r i n g v a n deze f o l l o w - u p k i j k e n w i j n a a r d e - z e l f d e c o n c r e t e mensen d i e d o o r h e t onderzoek v o o r o n s z i c h t b a a r werden. W i j z i j n e r v a n o v e r t u i g d , d a t z i j p o t e n - t i e s hebben om w e z e n l i j k e v e r n i e u w i n g e n i n d i t v e l d t e r e a l i s e r e n , wanneer z i j e l k a a r d a a r b i j kunnen ondersteunen (moreel, i n h o u d e l i j k , m a t e r i e e l ) e n wanneer z i j fi n a n c i ë l e 4. en v o o r a l p r o c e d u r e l e bewegingsruimte k r i j g e n . Daarom z i e n w i j h e t n i e t a l s onze t a a k om deze v o l g e n d e fase n u a l i n h o u d e l i j k o p t e v u l l e n . W i j v o e l e n e r w e i n i g v o o r om t e n a a n z i e n v a n d e e x p e r i m e n t e l e p r o j e c t e n e n h e t l a n d e l i j k c o n g r e s u i t v o e r i g t e gaan o p s c h r i j v e n w a t v i n d e n , d a t anderen doen moeten. We r k e l i j k e v e r n i e u w i n g wordt b e p a a l d d o o r mensen d i e z e l f w a t w i l l e n , h u n n e k durven u i t s t e k e n e n o p v e r t r o u w e n s r e l a t i e s m e t anderen durven bouwen. Ti j r e a l i s e r e n o n s t e r d e g e , d a t d e z e aanpak haaks s t a a t op d e w i j z e waarop d e o v e r h e i d m i d d e l e n v e r s t r e k t . Mogel i j k l e i d t d i t e r t o e , d a t l a n g s a n d e r e - meer p e r s o o n l i j k g e r i c h t e - k a n a l e n m i d d e l e n moeten warden a a n g e t r o k k e n . I I E E N BEELD VAN HET VELD 5» Rapporten e n n o t a ' s b e v a t t e n m e e s t a l e e n s y s t e m a t i s c h e l i j s t van b e v i n d i n g e n e n a a n b e v e l i n g e n . Omdat d e o n t v a n g e r s w e i n i g t i j d hebben om t e l e z e n w o r d t e e n e n a n d e r v a a k p u n t s g e w i j s verwoord e n v o o r d e o v e r z i c h t e l i j k h e i d d e c i m a a l genummerd. Onze e i g e n e r v a r i n g - e n w i j vonden deze b e v e s t i g d - i s , d a t zulke n o t a ' s v e r b r o k k e l e n d werken, z o w e l i n h e t e i g e n v o o r - s t e l l i n g s l e v e n ( o m d a t e r geen t o t a a l b e e l d o n t s t a a t ) a l s i n d e gesprekken t u s s e n d e mensen ( o m d a t i e d e r e r n a a r b e h o e f t e s t u k j e s u i t k a n l i c h t e n v o o r e i g e n a r g u m e n t a t i e ) . Zulke n o t a ' s m o t i v e r e n o o k w e i n i g t o t gemeenschappelijk e n c o n s t r u c t i e f h a n d e l e n . Daarom w i l l e n w i j e e n a n d e r e weg bewandelen. W i j w i l l e n i n onze mondelinge t e r u g r a p p o r t a g e e e n k l e i n e n o v e l l e opnemen. Een k u n s t z i n n i g medium h e e f t meer z e g g e n s k r a c h t d a n l a n g e a n a l y t i s c h - i n t e l l e c t u e l e v e r h a n d e l i n g e n . Hoewel w i j geen l i t e r a i r e k u n s t e n a a r s z i j n hebben w i j t o c h een p o g i n g gewaagd d i t medium t e g e b r u i k e n e n onze b e v i n d i n g e n i n e e n dynamisch b e e l d t e verwoorden. Het e e r s t e h o o f d s t u k v a n d e n o v e l l e ( ” D e l o t g e v a l l e n v a n h e t Grote H u i s “ ) g e e f t e e n b e e l d v a n d e w o r d i n g s g e s c h i e d e n i s v a n h e t v e l d e n v a n d e k r a c h t e n d i e e r i n werken. H e t tweede h o o f d s t u k ( ” H e t l e v e n s v e r h a a l v a n e e n p a v i l j o e n b e w o n e r “ ) g e e f t een p e r s o o n l i j k - b i o g r a fi s c h e k i j k o p d e m e n s e l i j k e p r o b l e m a - t i e k d i e z i c h i n d i t g e b i e d a f s p e e l t . H e t z a l b i j a a n h o r e n d u i d e l i j k z i j n , d a t i n d i t h o o f d s t u k h e t mensbeeld v a n d e onderzoekers o n v e r m i j d e l i j k k l e u r - b e p a l e n d i s geworden. I n h o t l a a t s t e h o o f d s t u k ( ” D o o r b r a a k n a a r nieuwe l e v e n s v o r - men“) i s g e t r a c h t v a n u i t d e p o s i t i e v e k r a c h t e n d i e i n h e t v e l d werkzaam z i j n e e n t o e k o m s t - p r o c e s t e i m a g i n e r e n . H e t i s een k e u z e . E r z i j n o o k andere k r a c h t e n werkzaam, d i e t o t h e l e andere b e e l d e n a a n l e i d i n g geven. Vo o r d i e g r o e p e n d i e m e t e l k a a r vernieuwend i n d i t v e l d b e z i g z i j n i s h e t v a n b e l a n g , voldoende g e m e e n s c h a p p e l i j k h e i d t e hebben i n h e t b e e l d , d a t men v a n h e t v e l d h e e f t , v a n h e t mensbeeld v a n w a a r u i t men - , - w e r k t e n v a n d e t o e k o m s t v i s i e waaraan men w e r k t . H e t s p r e k e n over d e n o v e l l e k a n e e n methodische h u l p z i j n om a a n deze gemeenschappelijkheid t e werken o f d e a f w e z i g h e i d e r v a n t e e r v a r e n , m e t d e z e methode w i l l e n w i j n o g meer c o n c r e t e e r v a - r i n g opdoen. Het b e e l d d a t w i j i n d e n o v e l l e v e r w o o r d hebben i s o n t s t a a n u i t e e n a a n t a l k o r t e b e e l d - f r a g m e n t e n . Deze l a a t s t e z i j n opgeschreven n . a . v , g e s p r e k k e n d i e w i j m e t mensen i n h e t v e l d hebben g e v o e r d . E n k e l e v a n deze b e e l d - f r a g m e n t e n z i j n i n d i t r a p p o r t opgenomen. I I I NETHODISOHE HULPMIDDELEN B I J vEfi rIEUWIEG W i j z i j n i n h e t v e l d o p d e meest v e r s c h i l l e n d e p l e k k e n mensen tegengekomen d i e o v e r goede vernieuwende i d e e ë n b e s c h i k k e n . Ook i n menige n o t a t r o f f e n w i j b e l e i d s g e z i c h t s p u n t e n a a n d i e zeker v a n b e l a n g z i j n v o o r d e t o e k o m s t . O o k w i j z e l f hebben concepties o n t w i k k e l d , d i e kunnen v e r k l a r e n waarom d e h u l p v e r - l e n i n g w e i n i g c l i ë n t g e r i c h t e n samenhangend i s e n d i e aangeven hoe d a t a n d e r s 'zou kunnen. Een methodische v r a a g v a n d e e e r s t e o r d e i s g ” H o e g a a n we m e t z u l k e i d e e ë n e n c o n c e p t i e s z b om, d a t z e i n d e geworden w e r k e l i j k h e i d l a n d e n , d a t z e d i e w e r k e l i j k h e i d kunnen omvormen?“ Die v r a a g i s d e s t e b e l a n g r i j k e r , omdat men d e i n d r u k k r i j g t . dat d e v e r a n d e r i n g s p r o c e s s e n i n h e t v e l d e e n autonoom k a r a k t e r . hebben e n z i c h w e i n i g l i j k e n a a n t e t r e k k e n v a n e e n w e r k e l i j k 7heids-vreemde bovenbouw v a n b e l e i d s n o t a l s . O o k wanneerd e be-. l e i d s v i s i e s i n z u l k e n o t a r s d e d u c t i e f worden v e r t a a l d , d . w . z . “o p e r a t i o n e e l ” worden gemaakt v i a b e l e i d s p l a n n e n e n u i t v o e r i n g s - a c t i e s t o t i n c o n c r e t e t a k e n v o o r a f d e l i n g e n e n mensen, z i j n d e p r a k t i s c h e r e s u l t a t e n m e e s t a l mager. D i t i s e v e n z e e r h e t g e v a l wanneer z u l k e b e l e i d s v i s i e s v i a e e n p o l i t i e k b e s l u i t t o t w e r k e - l i j k h e i d v e r k l a a r d worden. Het m e n s e l i j k h a n d e l e n l a a t z i c h s t e e d s m i n d e r o p deze w i j z e r i c h t e n . Z o w e l d e k l a c h t v a n d e o n b e s t u u r b a a r h e i d v a n o r g a n i - s a t i e s , a l s h e t g e v o e l v a n mensen d o o r d e o r g a n i s a t i e b u i t e n spel g e z e t t e worden, h a n g t h i e r m e e samen. Ons a n t w o o r d o p d e e e r d e r g e s t e l d e methodische v r a a g ( ” h o e kun j e p r a k t i s c h met c o n c e p t i e s omgaan?“) i s t w e e ë r l e i g Het e e r s t e a n t w o o r d l u i d t g ” v e r - d i c h t “ d e c o n c e p t i e s t o t e e n b e e l d , d a t mensen i n z i c h kunnen opnemen e n d a t a l s stuwende k r a c h t i n h u n h a n d e l e n k a n werken. D e n o v e l l e e n d e w i j z e w a a r - op w i j daarmee w i l l e n omgaan i s d a a r e e n v o o r b e e l d v a n . Het tweede a n t w o o r d l u i d t z v e r t a a l d e c o n c e p t i e s i n c r i t i s c h - evaluerende v r a g e n , d i e a a n d e r e s u l t a t e n v a n h e t e i g e n h a n d e - l e n kunnen worden g e s t e l d . R e fl e c t i e o p h e t h a n d e l e n i s n e t z o b e l a n g r i j k a l s h e t h a n d e - l e n z e l f . Ondanks a l l e denkende v o o r - a r b e i d i s h e t h a n d e l e n z e l f i n hoge mate i n t u ï t i e f . I n z u l k h a n d e l e n z i j n d e b e e l d e n d i e we v a n o n s z e l f e n v a n d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d b u i t e n o n s hebben werkzam. A l s d e r e s u l t a t e n v a n z u l k h a n d e l e n z i c h t b a a r z i j n geworden, k u n n e n we z e c r i t i s o h e v a l u e r e n . Z u l k e e v a l u a t i e s z i j n v r u c h t b a a r wanneer we d e j u i s t e v r a g e n w e t e n t e s t e l l e n . Een goede v r a a g k a n e e n b e w u s t z i j n wekkende w e r k i n g hebben, kan o n s h e l p e n d e b e e l d e n , d i e we i n o n s d r a g e n , t e c o r r i g e r e n en z o o n s t o e k o m s t i g handelen t e b e ï n v l o e d e n . Z u l k e v r a g e n kunnen o o k t u s s e n mensen d i e i n h e t v e l d met e l k a a r s h a n d e l e n t e maken hebben, e e n p o s i t i e f p r o c e s v a n o o r d e e l s v o r m i n g o p gang brengen. 7. ' , j i j h e b b e n i n h o o f d s t u k I V g e t r a c h t a l l e i n h o u d e l i j k e c o n c l u - e i e s , w a a r t o e w i j i n d e l o o p v a n onze o r i ë n t a t i e z i j n gekomen t e v e r t a l e n i n ” b e w u s t z i j n wekkende w e r k - v r a g e n t . b . v 0 gemeens c h a p p e l i j k e o o r d e e l s v o r m i n g t u s s e n w e r k e r s i n h e t v e l d “ . Veel v a n z u l k e v r a g e n z u l l e n d e b e t e k e n i s hebben h e t midden te h e l p e n zoeken t u s s e n p o l a i r e k r a c h t e n , d i e i n e l k e s i t u a t i e werkzaam z i j n . A l s k r a c h t e n hebben we z e n o d i g , m a a r a l s we n i e t o n t d e k k e n w a a r z e werkzaam moeten z i j n , e n h o e z e e l k a a r i n e v e n w i c h t kunnen houden, z u l l e n we i n e e n z i j d i g h e d e n g e r a k e n en v e r l a m d worden d o o r h u n p o l a r i s e r e n d e w e r k i n g . I n d e t o e l i c h t i n g o p d e v r a g e n z a l d e l e z e r d u i d e l i j k kunnen ervaren t o t w e l k e c o n c l u s i e s w i j z e l f z i j n gekomen, w a t 'Onze mening o v e r d e o n t w i k k e l i n g e n i n h e t v e l d i s . Waarom w i j n i e t v o l s t a a n hebben met d e z e c o n c l u s i e s e n d e v e r - t a l i n g e r v a n i n b e l e i d s v o o r s t e l l e n moge u i t h e t voorgaande d u i d e - l i j k z i j n geworden. De l e z e r k a n n o c h t a n s h e t g e v o e l k r i j g e n , d a t h e t n i e t n o d i g i s vragen t e s t e l l e n w a n t ” d i e worden a l genoeg g e s t e l d . We hebben nu c o n c r e t e o p l o s s i n g e n n o d i g “ . Onze mening i s d a t v e l e ” c o n c r e t e “ o p l o s s i n g e n a b s t r a c t b l i j v e n , o m d a t z e n i e t s t o e l e n op e e n diepgaand i n z i c h t i n d e k r a c h t e n d i e i n h e t v e l d e n i n de mensen werkzaam z i j n . D e v r a g e n d i e o v e r h e t algemeen g e - s t e l d worden z i j n ” d o e - v r a g e n “ : h o e kunnen we b e r e i k e n , d a t . . . . , wat moeten we doen om e . d . M a a r wanneer h e t h a n d e l e n , , d a t d a a r u i t moet v o l g e n z i c h a f s p e e l t i n e e n v e l d - s i t u a t i e d i e n i e t d o o r z i e n w o r d t , w a a r o v e r i l l u s i e s b e s t a a n e n wanneer d a t handelen g e s c h i e d t d o o r mensen d i e w e i n i g z i c h t hebben o p hun e i g e n e n e l k a a r s m o t i e v e n , d a n i s z u l k h a n d e l e n w e i n i g e f f e c t i e f . Daarom hebben w i j w e i n i g ” d o e - v r a g e n “ g e s t e l d , m a a r voornamel i j k ” k e n - v r a g e n “ . Z u l k e v r a g e n worden w e i n i g g e s t e l d . E r i s geen t i j d v o o r e n b o v e n d i e n z i j n z e b e d r e i g e n d , w a n t z e kunnen l e i d e n t o t c o n f r o n t a t i e e n o n t n u c h t e r i n g . Daarom z a l h e t werken met deze v r a g e n e e n z e k e r e b e s c h u t t i n g , c . q . b e g e l e i d i n g v r a g e n . Mensen d i e i n e e n w e r k r e l a t i e m e t e l k a a r s t a a n e n e l k a a r e n z i c h z e l f v r a g e n gaan s t e l l e n o v e r c o n c r e t e z a k e n m . b . t 4 d a t werk, moeten d a a r v o o r c o n d i t i e s scheppen. D e g r o o t t e v a n d e groep, d e r u i m t e , d e b e s c h i k b a r e t i j d , d e v i s u e l e h u l p m i d d e l e n , d u i d e l i j k h e i d o v e r h e t waarom e n h o e , z i j n z a k e n d i e d a a r b i j van b e l a n g z i j n . Sommige groepen z u l l e n d i t m e t g o e d g e v o l g i n e i g e n r e g i e kunnen d o e n , a n d e r e n z u l l e n e r b e g e l e i d i n g b i j n o d i g hebben. IV WERKVRAGEN A. A lgemeen e . I n h e t v o r i g e h o o f d s t u k hebben w i j g e s t e l d , d a t i n h o u d e - l i j k e c o n c l u s i e s , w i l l e n z i j p r a k t i s c h werkzaam z i j n , moeten worden omgevormd t o t e v a l u a t i e - v r a g e n , d i e a a n h e t eigen w e r k kunnen worden g e s t e l d . W i j w i l l e n d a a r t o e i n d i t h o o f d s t u k e e n b e g i n maken, w e t e n d d a t i n d i t o p z i c h t n o g v e e l methodisch o n t w i k k e l i n g s w e r k n o d i g i s . W i j w i l l e n v o o r l o p i g i n h e t midden l a t e n v o o r w i e w e l k e v r a g e n r e l e v a n t z i j n . W i j s p r e k e n o v e r w e r k e r s i n h e t v e l d e n bedoelen daarmee p o l i t i c i , ambtenaren, v r i j e p r o f e s s i o n a l s , i n s t i t u u t s m e d e - werkers, v r i j w i l l i g e r s , k o r t o m a l l e n d i e i n h e t v e l d w e r k - zaam z i j n . E l k e g r o e p z a l h a a r e i g e n v r a g e n moeten z o e k e n . W i j z i j n d r i e g r o t e g e b i e d e n tegengekomen waarop v r a g e n g e s t e l d kunnen worden. Het e e r s t e i s : De g e h a n d i c a p t e . Hoe k i j k e n we t e g e n hem e n t e g e n h e t v e r - s c h i j n s e l a l s z o d a n i g aan? W i j kunnen d a a r b i j o n d e r s c h e i d e n t u s s e n v r a g e n n a a r : a, h e t mensbeeld; b. d e b e t e k e n i s v a n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t z i j n v o o r d e p e r s o o n z e l f ; c . d e b e t e k e n i s v a n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t z i j n v o o r d e s a m e n l e v i n g . Het tweede g e b i e d waarop v r a g e n g e s t e l d kunnen worden i s : De i n f r a - s t r u c t u u r . H e t v e l d i s l a n g s a l l e m o g e l i j k e l i j n e n gesegmenteerd e n g e b u n d e l d . D e meest v e r s c h i l l e n d e g r o e p e - r i n g e n s p e l e n mee. W i j kunnen d a a r b i j o n d e r s c h e i d e n t u s s e n v r a g e n n a a r : a. h e t m a a t s c h a p p i j - b e e l d ; b. d e l i j n e n w a a r l a n g s i n h e t v e l d d i f f e r e n t i a t i e o n t s t a a t ; c . d e m i d d e l e n , waarmee i n h e t v e l d samenhang w o r d t g e - schapen. Het d e r d e g e b i e d waarop v r a g e n kunnen worden g e s t e l d i s : Het h e l p - p r o c e s . Wanneer we n a a r h e t c o n c r e t e p r o c e s v a n h u l p v e r l e n i n g k i j k e n , r i j z e n t a l l o z e v r a g e n z o a l s w a a r, door w i e , i n w e l k e v o l g o r d e , waarmee, e . d . Vele v a n deze v r a g e n v i n d e n r e e d s h u n a n t w o o r d d o o r h e t voorafgaande. E r b l i j v e n e n k e l e k e r n v r a g e n o v e r. Deze w i l - l e n w i j r a n g s c h i k k e n o n d e r v r a g e n naam: a, d e v i s i e o p h e t h e l p p r o c e s z e l f ; b. w i e moet e r h e l p e n ; c . w i e moet g e h o l p e n worden. Beeldfragment 1 ” I k b e n J a n A l l ema n , i k b e n g e h a n d i c a p t e n w e r k e l o o s e n i k kom v o o r e e n u i t k e r i n g . “ N i e t l a n g n a deze o p e n i n g s z i n v i n d t J a n A l l ema n z i c h g e c a t e g o r i - seerd t e r u g o p e e n l i j s t v a n d e GIM. H i j i s a r b e i d s o n g e s c h i k t gehandicapt werkeloos h e e f t problemen t h u i s moet e e n u i t k e r ± n g hebben moet m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e s t e u n e n b e g e l e i d i n g hebben h e e f t a a n p a s s i n g v a n h u i s n o d i g wacht o p e e n r o l s t o e l moet l i d worden v a n v e r s c h i l l e n d e h u l p v e r l e n e n d e o r g a n i - s a t i e s moet e n i g e f y s i e k e t h e r a p i e hebben ITU h e e f t w e t t e l i j k r e c h t o p d u s w i j - : z u l l e n u h e l p e n met d e p u n t e n 1 , 5 e n v o o r a n d e r e p u n t e n v e r w i j z e n w i j naar r e s p e c t i e v e l i j k m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k e r s , k r u i s v e r e n i g i n g e n , enz. 11 Toch i s J a n A l l ema n e e n g e h e e l , l e e f t h i j i n z i j n s i t u a t i e e n kan h i j z i j n problemen n i e t n e t j e s u i t r a f e l e n e n o p e e n r i j t j e z e t t e n . ” I k b e n J a n A l l ema n e n i k heb h u l p n o d i g , o m d a t i k m i j n p r o - blemen n i e t meer aankan. T h u i s g a a t h e t m o e i l i j k , i k w e e t n i e t welke k a n t i k o p m o e t . “ Jan A l l ema n komt i n e e n s i t u a t i e w a a r i n v o o r hem 2 w e r e l d e n l e v e n . T h u i s m e t z i j n n a a s t e n e n b u i t e n i n d e w e r e l d v a n d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r s . Vo o r a l i n h e t b e g i n i s h e t e e n heen e n w e e r pendelen. S t e e d s w e e r v r a a g t h i j z i c h a f o f h e t a n t w o o r d v a n d i e w e r e l d , d i e ( z o l e e k hem d a t t o e n h i j d a a r was) a a n s l o o t b i j z i j n b e h o e f t e , e r n u w e l e i g e n l i j k i e t s mee t e maken h e e f t nu h i j w e e r t h u i s z i t . Jan A l l ema n w a c h t o p a n t w o o r d . Ondertussen v e r g a d e r e n d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r s o v e r h u n p r o b l e e m - e n handicap. Hoe kunnen we d e d i n g e n samen d o e n , a l s i e d e r p r o b e e r t v a n u i t z i j n e i g e n t e n t J a n A l l ema i i t e bedienen? E n t r o u w e n s , wat z i j n onze normen v o o r h u l p v e r l e n i n g ? En w i e v e r t e g e n w o o r d i g t n u J a n A l leman? De m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k e r w i l w e l , h i j w i l s p r e k e n v o o r d e c l i ë n t a l s g e h e e l . Te g e n w i e p r a a t h i j d a n a a n , GMD o f k r u i s - v e r e n i g i n g ? O f i s h e t J a n A l l ema n z e l f d i e v o o r z i c h moet spreken. H i j i s h e t w a a r h e t om d r a a i t . H i j a l l e e n k a n v a n z i c h u i t s p r e k e n . M a a r h i j d o e t h e t n i e t . N a e n i g e t i j d p r a a t h i j , a l s h i j w a t z e g t , i n d e antwoorden v a n d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r . Maar t h u i s h a n g t a l l e s samen e n v e e l v e r a n d e r t e r n i e t . We z u l l e n n u deze negen t h e m a ' s l a n g s l o p e n e n t r a c h t e n t e l a t e n z i e n : - w e l k e i n h o u d e l i j k e g e z i c h t s p u n t e n w i j t e g e n z i j n gekomen; - h o e w i j d a a r z e l f n a a r k i j k e n ; - t o t w e l k e v r a g e n e e n e n a n d e r l e i d t . 'Wij z u l l e n d e i n h o u d e l i j k e g e z i c h t s p u n t e n z o t r a c h t e n t e f o r m u l e r e n , d a t h e t k r a c h t e n v e l d r o n d h e t v e r s c h i j n s e l z i c h t b a a r w o r d t . D e v r a g e n hebben d e b e d o e l i n g t e o n d e r - zoeken: - m e t b e t r e k k i n g t o t p r o b l e m e n : v a n u i t w e l k d e e l v a n h e t k r a c h t e n v e l d z e o n t s t a a n z i j n ; - m e t b e t r e k k i n g t o t o p l o s s i n g e n : w e l k e k r a c h t e n v e r s t e r k t moeten warden t e n e i n d e e e n gezonde o n t w i k k e l i n g t o t stand t e b r e n g e n . B. D e g e h a n d i c a p t e W i j w i l l e n r o n d d e g e h a n d i c a p t e d r i e v r a g e n s t e l l e n : - v a n u i t w e l k mensbeeld k i j k e n we n a a r hem? - w a t i s d e b e t e k e n i s v a n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t z i j n v o o r d e persoon z e l f ? - w a t i s d e b e t e k e n i s v a n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t z i j n v o o r d e samenleving? 9 I . Va n u i t w e l k mensbeeld k i j k e n we n a a r hem? I n z i j n ” L e e r b o e k v o o r d e r e v a l i d a t i e “ s c h r i j f t S c h u t ( r e d . ) : ” D e mens i s e e n o n d e e l b a r e e e n h e i d met d r i e “ k a n t e n ” ( a s p e c t e n , f a c e t t e n ) e n w e l e e n p s y c h i s c h e ( g e e s t e l i j k e ) , e e n s o c i a l e ( m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e ) e n e e n somatische ( l i c h a m e l i j k e ) k a n t . De mens i s d u s e e n psycho-socio-somatische e e n h e i d . Wanneer é é n v a n deze k a n t e n w o r d t g e s t o o r d , d a n z a l door deze e e n h e i d , o o k e e n s t o o r n i s o p t r e d e n v a n d e twee a n d e r e f a c e t t e n . Va t v o o r mensbeeld hebben d e w e r k e r s i n h e t v e l d e n komen z i j d a a r o v e r e c h t a a n d e p r a a t m e t e l k a a r ? E n wat b e d o e l e n z i j m e t d e woorden d i e z i j d a a r b i j g e b r u i - ken? W i j hebben o p onze w i j z e o o k gesproken o v e r e e n d r i e l e d i g mensbeeld ( z i e h o o f d s t u k V ) 5 , m a a r i s d a t h e t z e l f d e a l s d a t v a n S c h u t ? En v o o r t s : mensen z u l l e n o p e e n hoog n i v e a u v a n a b s t r a c - t i e gauw t o t e l k a a r kunnen komen i n h e t onderkennen v a n de genoemde d r i e a s p e c t e n . M a a r d e c o n c r e t e i n h o u d daarvan e n d e a c c e n t e n z u l l e n z e e r v e r s c h i l l e n d z i j n e n d i e b e p a l e n i n w e l k e r i c h t i n g h e t h a n d e l e n g a a t . B i j d e 66n k a n men merken, d a t h i j e i g e n l i j k h e t s o m a t i s c h e toch z e e r d o m i n a n t v i n d t , d e a n d e r p r a a t z o o v e r d e mens, d a t d o o r a l l e s heen z i j n d o o r - d e - o m g e v i n g - b e p a a l d - z i j n k l i n k t e n d e d e r d e b e n a d r u k t v o o r t d u r e n d d e Beeldfragment 2 De “ g e h a n d i c a p t e ” i n onze w e r e l d s p r e e k t i e t s u i t n a a r d i e w e r e l d . H i j z e g t : De w e r e l d w o r d t s t e e d s i n g e w i k k e l d e r, s t e e d s complexer, s t e e d s m i n d e r e e n v o r m i g . H i j v e r t o o n t z i c h i n a l l e r , _ l e i gedaantes v a n h e t mechanisch r e p e t e r e n d t i j d s k l o k j e t o t de g r o t e v e r s c h e i d e n h e i d v a n l e e f v o r m e n w a a r i n a l l e m a t e r i ë l e dingen h u n p l a a t s v i n d e n e n s t e e d s nieuwe m a t e r i ë l e o b j e c t e n hun p l a a t s a a n h e t v e r o v e r e n z i j n . I n d e t a a l d r u k t z i c h d i t a l u i t . S t e e d s m o e i l i j k e r worden d e woorden w a a r i n d e fenomenen gevangen moeten worden. S t e e d s meer worden d e d i n g e n g e p l a a t s t , anders l i j k t h e t e r o p , d a t d e chaos i n t r e e d t e n d e mens z a l o v e r • a l s e n , ondersneeuwen, o v e r s t r o m e n , wegdrukken. D e m e t s zoekt n a a r z i j n h o u v a s t , a n d e r e mensen p r o b e r e n h e t t e geven maar v e r l i e z e n d a a r i n h u n h o u v a s t , w a n t h e t w e r k t n i e t o f maar g e d e e l t e l i j k , h e t moet s t e e d s a n d e r s . D e h a n d i c a p , a a n - v a n k e l i j k b r o n v a n a l l e r l e i v e r w a r r i n g , s c h r i k , e n o n z e k e r h e i d o n t t r e k t z i c h h i e r a a n . Z e b l i j f t s t a a n , h o e d e w e r e l d o o k v e r a n d e r t , z e v o r m t v a a k h e t b l i j v e n d e e l e m e n t i n d e l e v e n s - baan. Z e i s d e b r o n v a n v e l e v r a g e n , waarvan e r sommigen l e i d e n t o t e e n a n t w o o r d , e e n o p l o s s i n g e n daarmee t o t e e n s t u k r e s u l t a a t , a n d e r e v r a g e n gaan l a n g e t i j d mee e n dwingen d e mens t e k i e z e n t u s s e n e e n v e r d e r zoeken o f e e n v e r d e r b e r u s t e n . I e d e r mens h e e f t z i j n h a n d i c a p . D e meesten kennen hem n i e t e n leven i n d e i l l u s i e v a n normaal t e z i j n . Ve l e n worden g e c o n - f r o n t e e r d met h u n h a n d i c a p . De h a n d i c a p i s h a r d n e k k i g . H i j l a a t z i c h n i e t w e g r e g e l e n . De deskundige k a n i n g r i j p e n w a t h i j w i l , d e h a n d i c a p b e s t r i j d e n hoe h i j w i l , h i j b e s t r i j d t d a n a l t i j d n o g i e t s i n mensen, d a t d i e mensen z i c h n i e t gauw l a t e n afnemen. De h a n d i c a p z e g t t e g e n z i j n d r a g e r : “ D r a a g m i j r o n d , w e r k met m i j , v e r v o r m m i j , b e s t r i j d t m i j , l o o p n i e t weg v a n m i j , w a n t i k h o o r b i j j o u e n i k b e n h e t waaraan j e j e k r a c h t e n k u n t o n t - w i k k e l e n . I k hang a l s e e n b l o k a a n j e b e e n , i k belemmer j e i n v e e l bewegingen, i k t a r t e n t r e i t e r j e n e t z o l a n g t o t j e m i j i n d e ogen z i e t e n met m i j d e s t r i j d a a n b i n d t . Anderen p r o b e r e n m i j v a n j e weg t e nemen, m a a r d a t i s i l l u s i e . Weer anderen p r o b e r e n j o u t e h e l p e n b i j h e t omwerken v a n m i j . Z i j z i t t e n o p h e t goede s p o o r. Op e e n gegeven moment z a l i k j e inspanningen b e l o n e n , i k z a l i n j e opgaan e n a l s k r a c h t b r o n i n j e w e r k e n . I k z a l j e vermogens schenken w a a r j e n u n o g geen weet v a n h e b t . Ve l e n geven h e t t e v r o e g o p , n o g meer z i e n m i j helemaal n i e t , z e v e r d r i n g e n m i j n a a r h u n onderbewuste, m a a r ze v e r g e t e n d a t d a a r m i j n v e i l i g h u i s i s . D a a r k a n i k doen e n l a t e n w a t i k w i l . M i j n d r a g e r z a l e r n i e t s v a n merken, a l l e e n z a l h i j z i c h a f v r a g e n w a a r u i t d e problemen d i e h i j o n d e r v i n d t voortkomen.” 100 u n i e k h e i d v a n d e p e r s o o n l i j k h e i d . En d a n z i j n e r n o g v e e l v e r s c h i l l e n m o g e l i j k m . b . t . d e oorsprong v a n deze u n i e k h e i d , m . b . t , d e w i j z e waarop d e omgeving o p d e e n e o f d e a n d e r e mens i n w e r k t e n m . b . t . de b e t e k e n i s v a n h e t l i c h a a m v o o r h e t m e n s e l i j k b e s t a a n . Goede samenwerking t u s s e n h u l p v e r l e n e r s i s p a s m o g e l i j k , wanneer z i j z i c h bewust z i j n v a n h e t mensbeeld v a n w a a r - u i t z i j w e r k e n . E n v o o r bewustwording d a a r v a n hebben z i j e l k a a r n o d i g . Goede h u l p v e r l e n i n g b e t e k e n t , d a t e r een zo r i j k e n genuanceerd m o g e l i j k mensbeeld a a n t e n g r o n d - s l a g l i g t . We r k e r s kunnen e l k a a r h e l p e n d i t b e e l d t e v e r - r i j k e n . Ten behoeve d a a r v a n k a n d e v o l g e n d e w e r k v r a a g worden g e - f o r m u l e e r d ( i n d e i k - v o r m , m a a r b e d o e l d a l s thema v a n gesprek t u s s e n w e r k e r s ) . Va n u i t w e l k mensbeeld w e r k i k e n w e l k e d i m e n s i e s k a n i k daaraan onderscheiden? Naar a a n l e i d i n g v a n d e e e r s t e h i e r g e f o r m u l e e r d e w e r k - vraag w i l l e n w i j n o g een k e e r o n d e r s t r e p e n , d a t h e t h i e r b i j n i e t g a a t om e e n algemene d i s c u s s i e o v e r h e t mensbeeld, m a a r om h e t k i j k e n n a a r h e t mensbeeld d a t ons tegemoet k o m t u i t o n s e i g e n h a n d e l e n . We k i j k e n dus d o o r deze v r a a g heen n a a r h e t e i g e n w e r k . 2. Wa t i s d e b e t e k e n i s v a n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t z i j n v o o r d e persoon z e l f ? Aen k a n z è n a a r d e h a n d i c a p k i j k e n , d a t men deze b e - schouwt a l s e e n ongewenste s t o r i n g v a n e e n n o r m a l e s i t u a , t i e — O n d e r normaal w o r d t d a n v e r s t a a n , d a t iemand i n z i j n onderhoud k a n v o o r z i e n , r e d e l i j k d e b e s c h i k k i n g h e e f t o v e r z i n t u i g e n e n v e r s t a n d , z i j n l i c h a a m a l s i n s t r u - ment g e b r u i k e n k a n e n z o meer. E l k e s t o r i n g d a a r i n , e l k e a f w i j k i n g v a n d e n o r m a l e s i t u a t i e w o r d t beschouwd a l s een ongewenste s t o r i n g , d i e v e r h o l p e n moet worden, s o m a - t i s c h , s o c i a a l o f p s y c h i s c h . D e h u l p v e r l e n i n g k r i j g t langs d e z e l i j n s t e r k h e t k a r a k t e r v a n a a n p a s s i n g e n h e r s t e l . Een a n d e r g e z i c h t s p u n t ( h e t o n z e ) i s h e t v o l g e n d e : o n t w i k k e l i n g v o l t r e k t z i c h a l t i j d a a n weerstanden. I e d e r e b i o g r a fi e h e e f t h a a r e i g e n o n t y i k k e l i n g s w e e r s t a n d e n , d i e z i c h kunnen aandienen i n onvermogens, z i e k t e s , h a n d i c a p s , e . d . Hoewel d e z e soms a l s vreemd e l e m e n t “ v a n b u i t e n ” s c h i j n e n t e komen, k a n men z e o o k beschouwen a l s e e n w e z e n l i j k d e e l v a n d e b i o g r a fi e . M i s s c h i e n d a t d e e x i s t e n - t i g l e l o t s v r a g e n d i e z i c h i n d i t v e r b a n d o p d r i n g e n a l - l e e n kunnen worden beantwoord v a n u i t e e n p e r s p e c t i e f , dat o v e r dood e n g e b o o r t e h e e n r e i k t . . . . . . . . Va n u i t d e z e o p t i e k i s e l k e h a n d i c a p e e n o n t w i k k e l i n g s u i t - daging i n d e b i o g r a fi e , waaraan h e l e nieuwe vermogens 11. t o t r i j p i n g g e b r a c h t kunnen warden. W i j hebben h i e r t w e e extremen g e s c h i l d e r d . W i j moeten e r a c h t e r komen, n a a r w e l k v a n d e t w e e d e f e i t e l i j k e h u l p - v e r l e n i n g t e n d e e r t e n w e l k e k a n t b e n a d r u k t moet worden om e e n gezond midden t e v i n d e n . I n h o e v e r r e beschouw i k e e n h a n d i c a p a l s e e n s t o r i n g van h e t bestaande o f w e l a l s e e n u i t d a g i n g v o o r h e t onbekende e n d u s : i n h o e v e r r e b e n i k b e z i g met h e r s t e l van h e t oude o f w e l m e t h e t zoeken n a a r d e o p e n i n g v o o r h e t nieuwe? 3. Wa t i s d e b e t e k e n i s v a n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t z i j n v o o r d e samenleving? I n d e o r g a n i s a t i e - o n t w i k k e l i n g s l e e r w o r d t a a n b e v o l e n om b i j v e r n i e u w i n g e n t e werken met e e n e x p e r i m e n t e e r g r o e p d i e d e r u i m t e k r i j g t ( fi n a n c i e e l , f u n c t i o n e e l e n g e o g r a - fi sch) om bewust a f w i j k e n d g e d r a g t e o e f e n e n e n om d a a r - na v a n u i t deze p r o e f b o e r d e r i j h e t g r o t e r e systeem t e kunnen b e ï n v l o e d e n b i j v o o r b e e l d d o o r a n d e r l e i d e r s c h a p , andere verkoopmethodes, a n d e r e o p l e i d i n g s s t i j l , a n d e r e klachtenbehandelingsprocedures e . d . Deze m e t h o d i e k i s e e n programmatisch gehanteerde a f s p i e g e l i n g v a n e e n f u n d a - mentele o n t w i k k e l i n g s w e t m a t i g h e i d d i e d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d ons v o o r ogen p l a a t s t wanneer we d i e maar w i l l e n z i e n . We zouden deze w e t m a t i g h e i d a l s v o l g t kunnen f o r m u l e r e n : “ E l k s o c i a a l systeem p r o d u c e e r t d e _ p r o b l e e m s t e l l i n g 'én de o n t w i k k e l i n g s h e l p e r s d i e h e t systeem n a a r z i j n v o l - gende o n t w i k k e l i n g s f a s e h e l p e n . ” Marx h e e f t h i e r i e t s v a n vermoed t o e n h i j z e i : “ H e t k a p i - t a l i s t i s c h systeem p r o d u c e e r t z i j n e i g e n d o o d g r a v e r s ( d e p r o l e t a r i ë r s ) . ” H e t o n t w i k k e l i n g s g e z i c h t s p u n t d a t w i j bedoelen v e r s c h i j n t h i e r i n z i j n d i a l e c t i s c h e o m k e r i n g en l e i d t d a n o n v e r m i j d e l i j k t o t z ' n complementaire k a r i k a t u u r : “ D e r e v o l u t i e v e r s l i n d t h a a r e i g e n k i n d e r e n . ” Wat w i j h i e r b e d o e l e n i s h e t v o l g e n d e ; e e n z i e k wordend systeem a l s o n z e v e r t e c h n i s e e r d e v e r z o r g i n g s s t a a t , p l a a t s t s t e e d s meer groepen om d e meest v e r s c h i l l e n d e redenen b u i t e n d e d e u r : omdat e r geen w e r k v o o r z e i s , omdat z e z i e k warden v a n h e t systeem o f h e t systeem a f - w i j z e n , omdat e r geen p l a a t s v o o r z e i s , e n z . We r k e l o z e n , d r u g g e b r u i k e r s , a r b e i d s o n g e s c h i k t e n , g e h a n d i c a p t e n e n nog v e l e a n d e r e c a t e g o r i e ë n worden w e l w i l l e n d m e t u i t - k e r i n g e n o n d e r s t e u n d , e r w o r d t z e l f s a l l e m o e i t e gedaan om z e t e r e - s o c i a l i s e r e n , t e r e - i n t e g r e r e n , t e r e - v a l i - deren, e n z . H e t g r o n d p a t r o o n , t o t u i t d r u k k i n g komend i n h e t w o o r d j e “ r e - ” i s e c h t e r : “ J u l l i e z i j n i e t s k w i j t 12. dat w i j n o g hebben e n we z u l l e n j u l l i e h e l p e n d a t t e r u g te k r i j g e n ” , o f “ j u l l i e z i j n o p d e e e n o f a n d e r e m a n i e r u i t d e p a s gaan l o p e n , w e z u l l e n j e h e l p e n h e t n o r m a l e gedrag t e r u g t e v i n d e n ” . Daarmee warden d e ogen g e s l o t e n v o o r h e t f e i t , d a t deze u i t g e s t o t e n e n e e n p r o b l e m a t i e k v o o r - l e v e n , w a a r e i g e n - l i j k h e t h e l e syteem a a n l i j d t o f w e l w o r d t n i e t g e z i e n , dat deze mensen i n h u n u i t z o n d e r i n g s s i t u a t i e d i n g e n kunnen o f mogen doen d i e h e t g r o t e s y s t e e m t o t v o o r b e e l d kunnen s t r e k k e n . - A k e n b l i n d e n e n doven o n s n i e t bewust d a t w i j , z o g e - naamd z i e n d e e n h o r e n d e , d o o r d e overmaat a a n z i n - t u i g l i j k e p r i k k e l s n a u w e l i j k s meer i e t s z i e n e n h o r e n ? - maken r o l s t o e l e r s m e t h u n e i s om t o e g a n k e l i j k h e i d v a n gebouwen ons n i e t b e w u s t , d a t w i j b e z i g z i j n onze g r o o t s c h a l i g e , g e s t r o o m l i j n d e w e l v a a r t s w e r e l d v o o r o n s a l l e m a a l o n t o e g a n k e l i j k t e maken? - maken w e r k e l o z e n d i e e e n u i t k e r i n g k r i j g e n e n n u z i n v o l motiverend w e r k (mogen) d o e n n i e t z i c h t b a a r , w a t h e t b e t e k e n t , wanneer l o o n e n p r e s t a t i e o n t k o p p e l d worden o f omgekeerd hoe v e r z i e k t e e n s a m e n l e v i n g w o r d t w a a r i n a r b e i d a l s koopwaar v e r k o c h t w o r d t ? - maakt d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g - soms 6 6 n o p 6 6 n - i n d e g e - handicapte w e r e l d n i e t z i c h t b a a r , d a t we economisch e n moreel moeten l e r e n l e v e n m e t d e r e a l i t e i t v a n d e o n d e r - l i n g e a f h a n k e l i j k h e i d ? A l l e z e l f v e r z o r g e r d o m , a l l e autonomie, a l l e “ i n e i g e n onderhoud v o o r z i e n , v o o r d e eigen oude d a g z o r g e n ” , enz0 b e r u s t o p i l l u s i e s ! - maken d e o p d e s p e c i fi e k e m o g e l i j k h e d e n e n b e h o e f t e n van d e g e h a n d i c a p t e e n k e l i n g aangepaste o n d e r w i j s - a c t i v i t e i t e n n i e t z i c h t b a a r hoe a b s u r d e n i n e f fi c i g n t de g e s t a n d a a r d i s e e r d e o n d e r w i j s f a b r i e k e n z i j n w a a r d e zogenaamd normalen doorheen g e s l u i s d worden? Zo z i j n d e v o o r b e e l d e n a d l i b i t u m u i t t e b r e i d e n . A a n e l k e g r o e p “onaangepasten” k a n men d e v r a a g s t e l l e n : “ Wa t l e e f t h i j v o o r , w e l k e k a n s h e e f t h i j , w a t kunnen we v a n hem l e r e n , h o e k a n h i j gezondmakend t e r u g w e r k e n o p h e t g r o t e systeem?” De w e r k v r a a g d i e we u i t deze beschouwing w i l l e n d e s t i l - l e r e n , l u i d t : I n h o e v e r r e w i l i k d e g e h a n d i c a p t e b u i t e n d e maatschapp i j p l a a t s e n e n hem pas w e e r opnemen a l s h i j - m e t h u l p - aangepast i s e n i n h o e v e r r e w i l i k k i j k e n i n d e s p i e g e l d i e h i j d e m a a t s c h a p p i j v o o r h o u d t e n d a a r u i t c o n c l u s i e s t r e k k e n m . b . t , n o o d z a k e l i j k e m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e veranderingen? Beeldfragment 3 Het i s v o o r d e w e r e l d m o e i l i j k d e g e h a n d i c a p t e i n z i j n b e w u s t - z i j n t e houden b i j h e t ontwerpen v a n z i j n s a m e n l e v i n g . We z i e n onze w e r e l d opgebouwd n a a r h e t b e e l d v a n d e “ n o r m a l e ” mens, d i e e c h t e r n i e t b e s t a a t e n s l e c h t s b e e l d i s . Het i s v o o r d e g e h a n d i c a p t e mens m o e i l i j k d e w e r e l d b u i t e n i n z i j n b e w u s t z i j n t e k r i j g e n , omdat h i j immer g e c o n f r o n t e e r d w o r d t met d e d r e m p e l s i n hem e n b u i t e n hem. Hoe o n p e r s o o n l i j k e r d e samenleving w o r d t , h o e g r o t e r deze a f s t a n d t u s s e n g e h a n d i c a p t e en w e r e l d . I n h e t l a n d waar h e t l e v e n goed i s , i s d e z e a f s t a n d k l e i n e r d a n i n d e r o k e r i g e s t e d e n . De d i e n s t v e r l e n e r i n a l z i j n g o e d h e i d p r o b e e r t z i c h z e l f t o t b r u g t e maken v o o r deze g e h a n d i c a p t e om i n d e w e r e l d t e komen. I n d e w e r e l d s t a a n d e o r g a n i s a t i e s v a n d i e n s t v e r l e n e r s . Va n u i t hun gebouwen k i j k e n d e b e l e i d s m a k e r s m e t v e r r e k i j k e r s o v e r d e gaping n a a r d e g e h a n d i c a p t e n e n n a a r h u n bruggebouwers. E r s t a a n a l l e r l e i s o o r t e n bruggen. Sommigen z i j n goed u i t g e v o e r d , m a a r erg s t i j l z o d a t a l l e e n d e z e e r behendigen e r o v e r heen kunnen komen. A n d e r e n z i j n p l a t e n r e c h t , m a a r z o s m a l d a t e r s l e c h t s sporadisch iemand o v e r k o m t . Sommige b r u g g e n missen v e r b i n d i n g s - stukken, e r moet gesprongen worden. D e meeste b r u g g e n l a t e n s l e c h t s v e r k e e r v a n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t e n e i l a n d n a a r d e v a s t e w a l t o e . . H i e r e n d a a r z i e j e bruggehoofden z i c h samenvoegen e n d a n b l i j k t h e t v e r k e e r a a n m e r k e l i j k b e t e r t e g a a n . E r v i n d t d a a r ook v a a k e e n o n t m o e t i n g p l a a t s . Tussen d e t w e e k a n t e n l o p e n a l l e r l e i .stromen. E r l o o p t d e z i l v e r - . s t r o o m d i e soms z e e r b r e e d , soms z e e r v e r t a k t h a a r v o e d i n g g e e f t aan b e i d e k a n t e n . Hoe d i e s t r o o m l o o p t k a n niemand o v e r z i e n , z e wordt d o o r a l l e r l e i s l u i z e n , s t u w e n , e n z . g e r i c h t . E r l o o p t o o k een p a p i e r e n s t r o o m , z e e r w i j d v e r t a k t e n v o o r t s p r u i t e n d u i t zeer v e r s c h i l l e n d e b r o n n e n . H i e r e n d a a r w o r d t gepoogd s t r o m e n samen t e voegen d o o r v e r b i n d i n g s k a n a l e n t e g r a v e n . Wanneer j e v e r d e r a f s t a n d neemt v a n h e t g e h e e l , d a n v e r a n d e r t h e t b e e l d . De k l e u r e n e n bewegingen v l o e i e n s t e e d s meer i n e l - k a a r o v e r, a l l e e n h e t g e e f t geen wonderschoon panorama. H e t l i j k t w e l o f e r e e n g r o t e k l u w e n s t i p p e n , i n e l k a a r v e r w a r d g e r a a k t , o m t o l l e n d r o n d d r a a i t . O. De i n f r a - s t r u c t u u r 13. De c o n c e p t i e s d i e w i j m e t b e t r e k k i n g t o t h e t thema v a n d e - i n f r a - s t r u c t u u r rondom d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g t o t v r a g e n w i l l e n omvormen hebben t e maken m e t : - h e t m a a t s c h a p p i j b e e l d ; - d e l i j n e n w a a r l a n g s i n h e t v e l d d i f f e r e n t i a t i e o n t s t a a t ; - d e m i d d e l e n waarmee i n h e t v e l d samenhang w o r d t geschapen. Wij z u l l e n n u o p d e z e v r a g e n n a d e r i n g a a n . 1. We l k m a a t s c h a p p i j b e e l d ? H u l p v e r l e n i n g s p e e l t z i c h a f i n e e n m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k k a d e r. Wij denken d a a r b i j z o w e l a a n d e w e t t e l i j k e e n f o r m e l e kaders a l s a a n d e m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e o p v a t t i n g e n e n m a c h t s - verhoudingen d i e z i c h d a a r i n u i t d r u k k e n . Binnen d a t k a d e r t r e f f e n we v e r s c h i l l e n d e g r o e p e r i n g e n aan: m e e r o f m i n d e r g e o r g a n i s e e r d e belanghebbenden, e e n g r o t e d i v e r s i t e i t a a n d i e n s t v e r l e n e n d e o r g a n e n e n t e n s l o t t e de o v e r h e i d , i n d i r e c t i n b e s t u u r s c o l l e g e s v a n o r g a n i s a - t i e s , d i r e c t i n d e vorm v a n a m b t e l i j k e e n p o l i t i e k e c o l l e g e s o p l o c a a l , p r o v i n c i a a l e n l a n d e l i j k n i v e a u . Wanneer w i j h i e r v a n e e n m a a t s c h a p p i j b e e l d s p r e k e n , b e - doelen w i j n i e t : w e l k e i d e o l o g i e men a a n h a n g t , m a a r welk b e e l d ons tegemoet komt u i t d e m a a t s c h a p p i j e n w e l k e b e t e k e n i s d a t h e e f t v o o r d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g a a n g e h a n d i - capten. W i j w i l l e n d i t b e e l d - o n s b e e l d - k e r n a c h t i g k a r a k t e r i s e r e n d o o r o p e e n a a n t a l t e n d e n t i e s t e w i j z e n . - S t e e d s meer l e v e n s g e b i e d e n z i j n o n d e r h e v i g aan v e r - w e t e n s c h a p p e l i j k i n g , worden o b j e c t v a n d e s k u n d i g h e i d , komen b i n n e n h e t b e r e i k v a n e x p e r t s e n p r o f e s s i o n a l s . E l k v a n d i e g e b i e d e n d r e i g t daarmee a f g e k a p s e l d t e worden v a n d e l e v e n d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d . - I n s t e e d s meer w e r k - e n l e e f v e r b a n d e n w i l l e n b e t r o k k e n e n meespelen i n h e t b e p a l e n v a n d o e l s t e l l i n g e n , s p e l r e g e l s , arbeidsvoorwaarden, e . d . Z i j o r g a n i s e r e n z i c h t . b . v , p o l i t i e k e b e s l u i t v o r m i n g i n g r o e p e n . D o o r d e w i j z e w a a r - op z i j d i t d o e n , w e r k e n z i j p o l a r i s e r e n d i n h e t v e l d waarin z i j werkzaam z i j n (werknemers t e g e n o v e r w e r k - gevers, consumenten t e g e n o v e r p r o d u c e n t e n , e . d . ) . - De g e w e l d i g e v l u c h t d i e t e c h n i e k , i n d u s t r i e e n o r g a n i - satiekunde hebben genomen, hebben e r t o e g e l e i d , d a t v r i j w e l e l k e b e h o e f t e i n e l k l e v e n s g e b i e d o b j e c t v a n een z a k e l i j k e b e n a d e r i n g k a n worden. O f h e t d a a r b i j gaat om b e h o e f t e a a n e t e n e n d r i n k e n , g r o n d e n a r b e i d s - k r a c h t o f r e c r e a t i e , g e z o n d h e i d e n o n d e r w i j s , a l l e s h e e f t d o o r deze t e n d e n s d e n e i g i n g koopwaar t e worden, i n g e l d u i t d r u k b a a r t e werden, a l s ( o n ) k o s t e n i n e e n c a l c u l a t i e t e v e r s c h i j n e n . - E e n v i e r d e t e n d e n s w o r d t d o o r d e v o r i g e d r i e o p g e - r o e p e n . D o o r d e v e r w e v e n h e i d v a n h e t c u l t u r e l e , s o c i a l e én economische l e v e n e n d e n e g a t i e v e u i t w e r k i n g v a n de d r i e gendemde t e n d e n t i e s o p d i e I e v e n s g e b i e d e n , z i e t d e o v e r h e i d z i c h s t e e d s mee2 gedwongen o r d e t e Scheppen, d o o r n o r t s t e l l e h d , u i t v o e r e n d é n c o n t r o l e r e n d OP t e t r e d e n . I n v r i j w e l a l l e l e v e n s g é b i e d e n i s z i j met h a a r b u r e a u c r a t i s c h e o r g a n e n b i n n e n gedrongen. Deze t e n d e n s l e i d t e r t o e : - d a t i n d i v i d u e n e n groepen i n h u n b e r e i d h e i d i n i t i a - t i e v e n t e nemen e n v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k h e d e n t e d r a g e n o n t - moedigd e n t e n s l o t t e v e r l a m d warden; - d a t o n r e c h t v a a r d i g h e i d i n d e v e r d e l i n g v a n d e b e s c h i k - bare m i d d e l e n t o e n e e m t , d a t i n d e g e p o l a r i s e e r d e p o l i - t i e k e b e s l u i t v o r m i n g , c . q . d o o r b u r e a u c r a t i s c h e n i v e l e - r i n g v e e l nuances v e r l o r e n gaan - d a t d e r e ë l e b e h o e f t e s n i e t meer b e v r e d i g d worden, o m - dat d e z e n i e t meer d o o r h e t a m b t e l i j k a p p a r a a t heen z i c h t b a a r z i j n , o f w e l omdat p o l i t i c i z i c h t o t s p r e e k - b u i s t a k e n v a n groepen d i e z i j n i e t meer kennen. De mensen d i e w i j b i j o n z e o r i ë n t a t i e tegenkwamen, v e r - woordden d i t v a a k met “ d e o v e r h e i d i s v e r weg, a n o n i e m , l o g e n p a t e r n a l i s t i s c h ” . W i j hebben o n s a f g e v r a a g d waardoor deze g e v o e l e n s v a n verinmming, o n r e c h t v a a r d i g h e i d e n v e r v r e e m d i n g i n f e i t e worden opgeroepen. z i e n d e o o r z a a k o . a . i n e e n a a n t a l o v e r h e i d s - w e r k - w i j z e n , d i e w i j i n d e l o o p v a n onze o r i ë n t a t i e s t e e d s : weer z i j n tegengekomen: d e b e s l u i t v o r m i n g , d e m i d d e l e n - v e r s t r e k k i n g e n d e c o n t r o l e . - De b e s l u i t v o r m i n g . K a r a k t e r i s t i e k v o o r d e b e s l u i t v o r - ming i s , d a t h e t s t e e d s m o e i l i j k e r w o r d t d e groepen en mensen d i e d e c o n c r e t e b e h o e f t e s hebben e n degenen d i e d e c o n c r e t e m o g e l i j k h e d e n e n d e b e r e i d h e i d t o t h u l p v e r l e n i n g hebben met e l k a a r i n g e s p r e k t e brengen en d a a r u i t d e b e s l u i t e n , w e l k e h u l p v e r l e n i n g waar v o o r wie z a l worden g e l e v e r d , t e v o o r s c h i j n t e l a t e n komen. I n deze b e s l u i t v o r m i n g komt d e o v e r h e i d s t e e d s c e n t r a l e r t e s t a a n . - De m i d d e l e n v e r s t r e k k i n s . M i d d e l e n worden i n n a t u r a v e r - s t r e k t , c . q . i n b u d g e t t e n d i e a l l e e n v o o r n a u w k e u r i g omschreven a c t i v i t e i t e n b e s t e e d mogen worden. B e l a n g - hebbende i n d i v i d u e n e n o r g a n i s a t i e s k r i j g e n n i e t z e l f de b e s c h i k k i n g o v e r m i d d e l e n ( e n d u s d e v r i j h e i d v a n a l t e r n a t i e v e aanwending wanneer d e s i t u a t i e daarom v r a a g t ) , m a a r kunnen bepaalde v o o r z i e n i n g e n o f a c t i v i - t e i t e n v e r g o e d k r i j g e n . E n i n d a t w o o r d j e “ b e p a a l d e ” z i t h e t p r o b l e e m . D e o v e r h e i d i s s t e e d s meer d e b e p a l e n - de i n s t a n t i e . Z o a l s d a t o o k i n h e t o n d e r w i j s e n d e gezondheidszorg h e t g e v a l i s , g a a t d e o v e r h e i d z i c h h i e r d o o r v e r r e g a a n d i n l a t e n m e t d e i n h o u d v a n d e h u l p - v e r l e n i n g . Beeldfragment 4 “Mensen b l i j k e n t o c h u i t e i n d e l i j k onvolwassen, i n c o 8 p e r a t i e v e e g o l s t e n t e z i j n , l a a t s t a a n groepen o f o r g a n i s a t i e s v a n mensen. Er i s geen a n d e r e weg m o g e l i j k d a n e e n d o e l m a t i g e s t r u c t u u r c e n t r a a l a f d w i n g e n e n d i e werkzaam maken met b e h u l p v a n s a n c t i e s , e . d . De mensen moeten w e t e n waar z e a a n t o e z i j n , w a t z e moeten doen e n w a t z e moeten l a t e n , w a t z e kunnen e n w a t z e n i e t kunnen. Z e l f v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k h e i d , v r i j w i l l i g h e i d , z e 1 f c o r d i n a t i e , h e t z i j n mooie k r e t e n maar h e t w e r k t n i e t ” , z e i d e man e n h i j z u c h t t e . “ Z i e j e ” , v e r v o l g d e h i j , “ m e t d e g e l d s t r o o m k u n j e d e z a k e n a a r - d i g r e g e l e n . A l s j e w e e t w a a r v o o r w a t b e s c h i k b a a r i s d a n k u n j e h e t g e h e e l v r i j a a r d i g c e n t r a a l s t u r e n . D e o v e r h e i d h e e f t d e zaak a a r d i g i n d e h a n d e n we kunnen w e l zeggen, d a t we z o l a n g - zamerhand h i e r i n N e d e r l a n d d e z a k e n a a r d i g op d e wensen v a n d e mensen hebben a f g e s t e m d . ” De andere man, e e n s p e c i a l i s t , was h e t d a a r k e n n e l i j k n i e t z o mee eens. “Door d i e fi n a n c i ë l e s t r u c t u u r w o r d t d e s p e c i a l i s t s t e e d s meer i n z i j n p r o f e s s i o n e l e e l e m e n t teruggeduwd. D a t z i t n a m e l i j k z o . De i n k o m s t e n v a n h e t r e v a l i d a t i e c e n t r u m komen u i t d e C . O . Z . - v e r - goedingen. D i e worden berekend n a a r s p e c i a l e b e h a n d e l i n g p e r p a t i ë n t . I k z i e d a t h e t n o d i g i s , d a t i k o o k b u i t e n m i j n v a k g e - b i e d moet o p e r e r e n om d e g h e t t o v o r m i n g een b e e t j e t e d o o r b r e k e n , i k w i l g r a a g met c o l l e g a ' s o v e r m i j n c l i ë n t e n p r a t e n , soms w i l i k m i j n c l i ë n t w e l e e n s t h u i s opzoeken e n soms w i l l e n we gewoon met e l k a a r o v e r l e g g e n o v e r onze i n t e r n e aangelegenheden, m a a r op d a t s o o r t momenten v e r d i e n i k n i e t v o o r h e t c e n t r u m , b e n i k i n f e i t e e e n v e r l i e s p o s t . A l d i e a k t i v i t e i t e n w a a r i n . i k a l s gewoon mens meer vermogens k a n g e b r u i k e n d a n a l l e e n d i e van m i j n s p e c i a l i s m e ( d a t d a a r d o o r v r u c h t b a a r d e r k a n - w o r d e n ) worden belemmerd. door d i e fi j n e c e n t r a l e fi n a n c i ë l e d w a n g s t r u c - t n u r . ” “Maar”, z e i d e e e r s t e man, “ j i j b e n t d e s p e c i a l i s t , v o o r j o u i s e r geen a n d e r, niemand k a n doen w a t j i j d o e t . H e t i s t o c h l o g i s c h , d a t j e v o o r d a t w e r k d a a r z i t . A n d e r w e r k kunnen anderen o o k d o e n . ” “ D a t d e n k j e m a a r ” , z e i d e s p e c i a l i s t . “Er i s maar w e i n i g w a t i k a l l e e n k a n , m a a r anderen z i j n bang om w a t o v e r t e nemen. V e e l s p e c i a l i s t e n doen d i n g e n d i e n i e t n o d i g z i j n v o o r d e p a t i ë n t , m a a r d i e z e doen om h u n s p e c i a - l i s t i s c h e h o o g s t a n d j e w a a r t e maken. V e e l v a n w a t w i j d o e n , kunnen we o v e r d r a g e n a a n h e t e e r s t e e c h a l o n . ” Samenvattend: 15. - De c o n t r o l e . C o n t r o l e g e s c h i e d t p r e v e n t i e f e n n i e t r e p r e s s i e f . P r e v e n t i e f w i l zeggen: d e o v e r h e i d w i l d o o r h e t v a n t e v o r e n i n h o u d e l i j k goedkeuren e n fi n a n c i e e l fi ateren v a n a c t i v i t e i t e n voorkomen, d a t g e l d e n t e n onrechte worden u i t g e g e v e n . I n d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g b l i j k t d i t v e r t r a g e n d , k o s t e n v e r h o g e n d e n i n i t i a t i e f v e r l a m m e n d te w e r k e n . R e p r e s s i e f c o n t r o l e r e n b e t e k e n t g l o b a l e s t e e k p r o e f s - gewijze c o n t r o l e a c h t e r a f , t e n e i n d e i n g r o t e l i j n e n b i j t e kunnen s t u r e n n a a r d e t o e k o m s t . D i t m a a t s c h a p p i j b e e l d e n d e g e v o l g e n e r v a n v o o r k w a l i - t e i t , r e c h t v a a r d i g h e i d e n k o s t e n v a n d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g k a n de b e h o e f t e oproepen t e n d e n t i e s om t e b u i g e n e n daarmee h e t m a a t s c h a p p i j b e e l d t e v e r a n d e r e n . Het i s n a t u u r l i j k e e n i l l u s i e t e menen., d a t e e n o v e r h e i d kan t e r u g k e r e n t o t h a a r n a c h t w a k e r s r o l v a n w e l e e r. Z i j z a l verweven b l i j v e n met a l l e l e v e n s g e b i e d e n . Z i j z o u z i c h e c h t e r t o t t a a k kunnen s t e l l e n z i c h i n a l l e l e v e n s g e b i e d e n t e beperken t o t h e t maken, bewaken e n h e r z i e n v a n s p e l - r e g e l s d i e t e n d o e l hebben ( z i e d e genoemde t e n d e n t i e s o p b l z . 1 3 ) ; - om n e g a t i e v e s p e c i a l i s é r i n g s t e n d e n s e n om t e vormen i n gezonde p r o f e s s i o n a l i s e r i n g , w a a r b i j d e s k u n d i g e n i n samenwerking met a n d e r e d e s k u n d i g e n werken a a n c o n c r e t e probleemoplossing; - om n e g a t i e v e p o l a r i s e r i n g s t e n d e n s e n om t e vormen i n gezonde d e m o c r a t i s e r i n g , w a a r b i j wegen worden g e z o c h t v o o r i n s p r a a k v a n b e t r o k k e n e n o p b a s i s v a n g e l i j k h e i d . En z o ' n g e l i j k h e i d s b a s i s i e a l l e e n aanwezig wanneer de b e s l u i t v o r m i n g b e t r e k k i n g h e e f t o p a s p e c t e n - v a n problemen w a a r o v e r i e d e r mens a l s mens t o t o o r d e l e n bevoegd i s ; - om n e g a t i e v e v e r z a k e l i j k i n g s t e n d e n s e n om t e vormen i n gezonde s o c i a l i s e r i n g , w a a r b i j m e t s o c i a l i s e r i n g b e - doeld w o r d t h e t z o d a n i g z i c h t b a a r e n b e s p r e e k b a a r maken van h u l p v e r l e n i n g s b e h o e f t e n , d a t d e h u l p v e r l e n e r s h u n a c t i v i t e i t w e r k e l i j k o p d e b e h o e f t e v a n d e a n d e r ( d e s o c i u s ) kunnen r i c h t e n i . p . v . o p h u n e i g e n w i n s t , h u n eigen c o n t i n u ï t e i t o f h u n e i g e n s t a t u s . - w i j z i j n i n h e t v e l d e e n d r i e t a l t e n d e n t i e s t e g e n g e - komen, e e n v i e r d e oproepend e n t e zamen l e i d e n d t o t een m a a t s c h a p p i j b e e l d , d a t d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g aan d e gehandicapte i n g e v a a r b r e n g t ; - w i j z i e n deze p r o b l e m a t i e k t o e g e s p i t s t i n e e n a a n t a l werkwijzen d i e i n h e t v e l d gangbaar i s ; - w i j z i e n d e w e n s e l i j k h e i d deze t e n d e n t i e s om t e b u i g e n , c . q . i n e v e n w i c h t t e b r e n g e n ; - w i j z i e n e e n weg d a a r t o e d o o r v e r a n d e r i n g i n d e g e - noemde w e r k w i j z e n . Beeldfragment 5 Er was e e n t i j d t o e n a l l e s n o g s i m p e l w a s . J e h a d d e z u l l e n d i e hun h u l p v e r l e e n d e n . D a a r i n z a t e n h e l p e r s d i e gewoon k e k e n n a a r wat n o d i g was, a l was h e t e e n k a n a r i e i n e e n k o o i t j e om w a t v e r - s t r o o i n g t e b r e n g e n b i j d e a a n h u i s g e k l u i s t e r d e g e h a n d i c a p t e . En t o e n gebeurde h e t , d a t d e o v e r h e i d , o n t e v r e d e n a l s z i j was met w a t e r gebeurde, d e z o r g v o o r d e g e h a n d i c a p t e n overnam. D e GMD w e r d geboren e n a l l e h u l p m i d d e l e n werden d a a r i n o n d e r g e b r a c h t De mensen d i e v r o e g e r h i e l p e n hadden n u geen m i d d e l e n meer, z e zagen geen g e h a n d i c a p t e n meer, w a n t d i e werden d o o r d e algemene w i j k v e r p l e g i n g v e r z o r g d . Z e mochten w e l b l i j v e n , m a a r n u moesten ze d e h u l p v e r l e n e r s a a n d e b a s i s gaan v e r z o r g e n i n p l a a t s v a n de g e h a n d i c a p t e n z e l f . E n z o w e r d e e n o r g a n i s a t i e g e c r e ë e r d w a a r - b i j h u l p v e r l e n e r s e l k a a r v e r z o r g d e n , o p d a t d e g e h a n d i c a p t e maar n i e t s t e k o r t kwam. E r kwamen o o k mensen d i e n a een h a l f j a a r o p l e i d i n g i n s t a a t moesten z i j n om z i c h t t e hebben o p h e t z i e k t e - v e r l o o p b i j g e h a n d i c a p t e n , d e a r b e i d s i n s c h a t t i n g ( “ h i j i s a l l e e n g e s c h i k t om l i c h t z i t t e n d w e r k t e d o e n ” ) d e i n v a l i d i t e i t s i n s c h a t - t i n g ( “ h i j i s v o o r 8 2 e n e e n h a l v e p r o c e n t a r b e i d s o n g e s c h i k t , want h i j m i s t e e n a r m ” ) e n d e h e r i n p a s s i n g ( “ d e s o c i a l e w e r k - p l a a t s v o o r l i c h a m e l i j k g e h a n d i c a p t e n ” ) . En n u mogen d e mensen d i e g r a a g w i l l e n werken m e t g e h a n d i c a p t e n n i e t meer e n z i j d i e n i e t e r g g e ï n t e r e s s e e r d z i j n i n deze g r o e p moeten n u . De werkvragen w a a r t o e w i j d e z e i n h o u d e l i j k e c o n c e p t i e s v i l l e n v e r d i c h t e n l u i d e n : 16. Probeer d a t g e d e e l t e v a n h e t v e l d v a n d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g aan d e g e h a n d i c a p t e , d a t u c o n c r e e t u i t e i g e n e r v a r i n g k u n t o v e r z i e n , d o o r t e l i c h t e n v a n u i t d e genoemde t e n d e n t i e s e n w e r k w i j z e n ( h e r k e n t u z e ? , h o e b e o o r d e e l t u z e ? ) . P r o b e e r u v o o r t e s t e l l e n w a t h e t ombuigen v a n de t e n d e n t i e s i n d i e s i t u a t i e z o u b e t e k e n e n . Vr a a g u a f o f h e t v e r a n d e r e n v a n d e gehoemde w e r k w i j z e n d a a r - toe e e n m i d d e l i s e n w e l k e m o g e l i j k h e d e n u h e b t om daar r e ë e l a a n b i j t e d r a g e n . 2. Langs w e l k e l i j n e n o n t s t a a t i n h e t v e l d d i f f e r e n t i a t i e ? We komen n u t o t e e n tweede a s p e c t v a n d e i n f r a - s t r u c t u u r rondom d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g . Wanneer e e n o r g a n i s a t i e g r o e i t o n t s t a a t d e noodzaak t o t d i f f e r e n t i a t i e . N i e t i e d e r e e n kan a l l e s d o e n . E r werden a f d e l i n g e n i n g e r i c h t m e t v e r - s c h i l l e n d e t a k e n , bemand m e t s p e c i a l i s t e n v a n v e r s c h i l - lende k l e u r . A l d e z e organen moeten samenwerken om t o t een gemeenschappelijke p r e s t a t i e t e komen ( p r o d u c t o f d i e n s t v e r l e n i n g ) . I n e e n v e l d a l s d a t v a n d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g aan g e h a n d i c a p t e n i s h e t n i e t a n d e r s . D e meest v e r s c h i l - lende organen worden i n g e s t e l d t e n e i n d e e e n s p e c i fi e k e t a a k i n h e t g e h e e l t e v e r v u l l e n : b u r e a u s , s t i c h t i n g e n , i n r i c h t i n g e n , c o m m i s s i e s , e n z o m e e r. Het i s v a n g r o o t b e l a n g v o o r h e t goed f u n c t i o n e r e n v a n de t o t a l i t e i t , d a t d i t p r o c e s v a n orgaanvorming met b e - w u s t z i j n g e s c h i e d t : i m m e r s , wanneer d e o p t i e k v a n - - w a a r u i t een g r o e p o f e e n o r g a n i s a t i e z i c h f o r m e e r t e n e e n e i g e n p l a a t s i n h e t v e l d i n n e e m t , n i e t d u i d e l i j k i s , o n t s t a a n m o e i l i j k h e d e n . - i n t e r n : w a t b i n d t o n s e i g e n l i j k samen? - e x t e r n : w a a r o p i s d e z e g r o e p aanspreekbaar? - i n d e t i j d : v r a a g t d e o n t w i k k e l i n g n i e t om e e n r e - o r g a n i s a t i e ? Organen kunnen o n s t a a n z i j n a l s e e n a n t w o o r d o p e e n r e ë l e b e h o e f t e u i t h e t v e l d . N a e n i g e t i j d kunnen z e v o l - l e d i g d i s - f u n c t i o n e e l z i j n geworden. Wanneer z e z i c h d a n n i e t o p l o s s e n o f z i c h omvormen kunnen z e d e o n t w i k k e l i n g e n i n h e t v e l d s t e r k belemmeren. Deeldfragment 6 Een v r o u w d i e , n u d e k i n d e r e n weg z i j n , z i c h i n z e t v o o r d e gehandicapte medemens, omdat z e g e l o o f t , i n t e r e s s e i n mensen h e e f t e n l e v e n s p r a k t i j k . Z e b e z o e k t i n e e n j a a r honderden g e - handicapten t h u i s , a n d e r e n i n h e t z i e k e n h u i s e n z e h e l p t i e d e r e dag d e mens d i e h a a r daarom v r a a g t . S t e e d s Weer z i t z e d e r e g e - l a a r s , d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r s a c h t e r d e b r o e k , h o u d t z e a a n h u n b e - l o f t e n . H a a r mensen b e l o o f t z e n i e t s , v e r t e l t z e S t e e d s w e e r hoe h e t e r - v o o r s t a a t . Z i j k a n b l i j v e n , w a a r v o o r a n d e r e n d e d i e n s t - t i j d o p h o u d t . Z e h e e f t geen d o s s i e r s , s t e e d s w e e r w i l z e e e n f r i s en n i e u w b e e l d hebben, k r i j g e n . Z e g e e f t geen oude i n f o r m a t i e door. Z e z i e t d a t g e h a n d i c a p t e n h e t meest l i j d e n o n d e r h u n eenzaamh e i d e n o n d e r d e o n m e n s e l i j k h e i d e n v e r n e d e r i n g d o o r h u n omgeving. Ze z i j n o v e r g e l e v e r d a a n d e w i l l e k e u r - v a n d e s p e c i a l i s t e n d i e soms b e l e d i g e n d , o n m e n s e l i j k e n o n g e i n t e r e s s e e r d h u n w e r k doen. Z i j i s d e mens d i e s t a a t t u s s e n c l i ë n t e n i n s t a n t i e e n d i e d e k o r t s l u i t i n g e n u i t b e i d e r onvermogen o n t s t a a n , o p l o s t . Z e g e e f t n i e t o p , d r a a g t d e z a k e n d o o r t o t i n d e l a a t s t e v e r w e r k e l i j k i n g : (pas o pv o o r “ h e t a m b t e l i j k a f d o e n ” ) d e u i t k e r i n g v o o r d e woningverbouwing i s toegekend - h e t p l a n i s gemaakt - d e aannemer h e e f t o p d r a c h t gekregen - d e l o o d g i e t e r i s geweest - d e d o u c h e ' i s b e t r e e d b a a r e n b r u i k b a a r. Z e g a a t k i j k e n o f d e d i n g e n e c h t f u n c t i o n e r e n , e c h t aangepast aanwezig z i j n . Z e w e e t , d a t v e e l problemen o n t s t a a n d o o r d a t d e a a n d a c h t v o o r h e t d e t a i l , d e c o n - c r e e t f u n c t i o n e r e n d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d o n t b r e e k t . Z e l a a t z i c h n i e t a f s c h r i k k e n d o o r l o k e t , a m b t e l i j k e s c h o t j e s , h i e r a r c h i e . Ze s t o o t d o o r t o t d a t z e d e man v a n h e t d o s s i e r t e pekken h e e f t . Dan k u n j e d e a f s t a n d e l i j k e f o r m e l e o o r d e l e n o v e r “ g e v a l l e n ” w e g - blazen e n vervangen d o o r l e v e n s e c h t e v o l l e b e s c h r i j v i n g e n v a n d e mens e n z i j n s i t u a t i e . D a a r b i j o n t z i e t z i j h e t geweten v a n ambtenaren, d i r e c t i e s , e n z . n i e t . Z e d o o r z i e t d e b u r e a u c r a a t d i e , gevangen i n z i j n systeem, d e s i t u a t i e v a n d e c l i ë n t n i e t z i e t , d i e i n p a p i e r e n l e e f t , i n d e w e r e l d v a n d e v o o r s c h r i f t e n . Z e p r a t e n a m b t e l i j k o v e r d e h o o f d e n h e e n , e n s t e l l e n z i c h v a a k p a t e r n a l i s t i s c h o p . Z e missen d e p e r s o o n l i j k e i d e n t i fi c a t i e . Tegenover h a a r s t a a n s o c i a l e academie s t u d e n t e n , t o e k o m s t i g e p r o - f e s s i o n a l s . D i e zoeken h u n z e k e r h e i d i n methodes e n t e c h n i e k e n door g e b r e k a a n e c h t e i n t e r e s s e e n c o n t a c t v a a r d i g h e i d . Z e d r u k k e n z i c h a l u i t i n e e n j a r g o n , z i j n b e z i g met s y s t e e m - c r i t i s c h e p o l i t i e k e a c t i e s , s t e l l e n hoge e i s e n a a n “ z e ” maar v o o r a l s n o g w e i n i g a a n z i c h z e l f . Z e m i s s e n d e l e v e n s p r a k t i j k , k u n n e n n o g n a u w e l i j k s e e n b r i e f s c h r i j v e n , m a a r pogen h e t systeem t e d o o r - z i e n . D i e s t u d e n t e n v i n d e n d a t z I J maar w e i n i g e f f e k t i e f w e r k t . Het systeem v e r a n d e r j e m e t h a a r w e r k w i j z e n i e t . Z i j w i l l e n d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l i s e r e n , p o l i t i s e r e n , z i j w i l d e h u l p o n t p r o f e s s i o n a l i s e r e n , o n t p o l i t i s e r e n e n o o k o n t c o m m e r c i a l i s e r e n (geen 5 m i n u t e n p e r c l i ë n t ) . De s o c i a l e academie s t u d e n t e n p r a t e n , v o e r e n h e t woord e n b e - s t r i j d e n m e t h e t w o o r d . Z i j i s b e z i g , o n t m o e t , e n d o e t , l e e f t mee. 17. W i j z i j n i n h e t v e l d d e meest v e r s c h i l l e n d e g e z i c h t s -punten e h b e h o e f t e n tegengekomen, d i e a a n l e i d i n g gaven t o t orgaanvorming, d i f f e r e n t i a t i e , s e g m e n t e r i n g . Va n sommigen hadden we d e i n d r u k , d a t z e e e n p o s i t i e v e b e t e - k e n i s hadden, v o o r d e mensen e r b i n n e n e n v o o r d e p r o d u c - t i v i t e i t n a a r b u i t e n . Va n anderen hadden we d e o v e r t u i g i n g , d a t h u n b e s t a a n s r e c h t r e e d s l a n g a c h t e r h a a l d was. W i j hebben g e t r a c t i n d e v e e l h e i d v a n d i f f e r e n t i a t i e m o - t i e v e n w a t o r d e t e brengen z o d a t o r g a n i s a t i e s m . b . v. e e n a a n t a l w e r k v r a g e n h u n p l a a t s i n h e t v e l d c r i t i s c h k u n - nen e v a l u e r e n . De o r d e n i n g s g e z i c h t s p u n t e n hebben t e maken m e t d e a a r d van d e b i j d r a g e , h e t f u n c t i o n e r e n -van d e o r g a n i s a t i e e n de s o o r t e n d o e l g r o e p e n . a. D e a a r d v a n d e b i j d r a g e D i j d r a g e n i n h e t v e l d komen v a n mensen e n v r a g e n om v e r s c h i l l e n d e c a p a c i t e i t e n . D i e c a p a c i t e i t e n z i j n n i e t l o s t e denken v a n d e mensen d i e e r d e d r a g e r v a n z i j n . ' Va n u i t w e l k e waarden, normen e n m o t i e v e n z e t t e n z i j h u n vermogens i n ? Evenmin z i j n d i e c a p a c i t e i t e n l o s t e z i e n v a n h e t moment waarop z e i n h e t h u l p v e r l e n i n g s - proces n o d i g z i j n . Z o z i j n we i n p r i n c i p e e e n d r i e t a l aspecten v a n deze c a t a g o r i e tegengekomen: c o n f e s s i o n e e l , f u n c t i o n e e l e n p r o f e s s i o n e e l . c o n f e s s i o n e e l . We s t a a n a a n h e t e i n d e v a n e e n p e r i o d e van o n t z u i l i n g e n o n t k l e u r i n g . I n v e l e g e v a l l e n z i j n k a t h o l i e k , p r o t e s t a n t e n n e u t r a a l samengesmolten. De c o n f e s s i o n e l e a c h t e r g r o n d e n b l e k e n v e e l a l geen r e ë l e b e t e k e n i s meer t e hebben v o o r d e f e i t e l i j k e b e r o e p s u i t o e f e n i n g e n d e w e r k s t i j l . I n z o ' n s i t u a t i e i s o n t k l e u r i n g r e ë e l . M a a r w i l d a t zeggen, d a t we n u k l e u r l o o s h e l p e n , w a a r d e v r i j h u l p v e r l e n e n o f gewoon a l l e m a a l werken v a n u i t h e t z e l f d e mensbeeld? We k r i j g e n d e i n d r u k , d a t e r OD v e l e p l a a t s e n i n h e t v e l d s t e r k e b e h o e f t e b e s t a a t a a n hernieuwde b e z i n n i n g op h e t mens- e n m a a t s c h a p p i j b e e l d v a n w a a r u i t men i n d i t v e l d s t a a t . Mensen zoeken w e l l i c h t d a a r i n d e v a s t e grond d i e z i j i n d i t t u r b u l e n t e v e l d n o d i g h e b b e n , Het z o u w e l e e n s kunnen z i j n , d a t d i t e e n b e g i n i s , n i e t v a n h e r v e r z u i l i n g , m a a r v a n e e n g r o t e r e v e e l - k l e u r i g h e i d i n h e t v e l d , v a n g r o t e r e i d e n t i t e i t s v e r - s c h i l l e n t u s s e n h u l p v e r l e n i n g s o r g a n e n . f u n c t i o n e e l . E e n z e e r gangbaar u i t g a n g s p u n t v o o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i e i s h e t o n d e r s c h e i d e n v a n p l a n n i n g , u i t - v o e r i n g e n c o n t r o l e . Men s p r e e k t d a n o v e r b e l e i d s - voorbereidende o r g a n e n , o v e r organen d i e d e u i t v o e r i n g verzorgen e n o v e r organen d i e d a a r c o n t r o l e r e n d o p t o e z i e n . Ta y l o r , d e g r o n d l e g g e r v a n d e k l a s s i e k e b e d r i j f s o r g a n i s a t i e , i s d e e e r s t e d i e d i t o n d e r s c h e i d maakt e n h e t d a a r n a o o k r i g o r e u s d o o r v o e r t . Z i j n g e - z i c h t s p u n t om a l h e t p l a n n e n d e , d o e l s t e l l e n d e e n Beeldfragment 7 Wat v a s t g e l o p e n i s , v e r s t a r d i s w e e r o p l o s s e n , w e e r i n beweging brengen. . d e s p e c i a l i s m e n ; . d e s t r u c t u r e n ; . d e r u i m t e w a a r i n d e s p e c i a l i s t w e r k t ; . d e h i e r a r c h i e , “ h e t h o o g s t e moet h e t g e c o m p l i c e e r d s t e e n h e t beste z i j n ” , omvormen t o t “ h e t e e r s t e e c h a l o n moet h e t b e s t e z i j n ” ; . d e m a c h t s s t r u c t u r e n , d e s u p e r o r g a n e n . De beweging, d e o p l o s s i n g k a n s l e c h t s voortkomen u i t d e o n t - moeting t u s s e n mensen d i e e l k a a r , g e s c h e i d e n a l s z e z i j n d o o r de v e r s t a r d e s t r u c t u u r e n g e d a c h t e n , n u n i e t ontmoeten maar w e l e i g e n l i j k d e z e l f d e r i c h t i n g w i l l e n u i t w e r k e n , Het i s n i e t z o b e l a n g r i j k zaken a f t e s c h a f f e n a l s z a k e n a a n t e s c h a ff e n . H e t k o m t e r o p n e e r, d a t e r w e e r open r u i m t e s g e c r e ë e r d warden, w a a r i n mensen e l k a a r kunnen ontmoeten z o n d e r d a t z e w a t moeten. Wa a r i n z e e l k a a r kunnen b e s c h r i j v e n w a t z e d o e n , a a n h e t doen z i j n , b e s c h r i j v e n w a t z e w i l l e n , w a t h u n i d e a l e n z i j n , aan e l k a a r b e s c h r i j v e n w a t h u n h a n d i c a p i s e n w a t z i j i n d e toekomst o p z i c h a f z i e n komen. 18. n o r m s t e l l e n d e w e r k t e s c h e i d e n v a n h e t u i t v o e r e n d e en h e t i n a p a r t e organen o n d e r t e b r e n g e n was o . a . dat d i t w e r k e e n h o g e r e i n t e l l i g e n t i e v r a a g t e n d a t d i e s c h a a r s i s . Z o o o k h e t vermogen t o t d i s t a n t i e e n b e o o r d e l i n g z o a l s d a t i n d e c o n t r o l e n o d i g i s . Z i j n g e z i c h t s p u n t e n d a t e r e n v a n 1 9 0 5 . Z i j hebben n o g s t e e d s b e t e k e n i s , m a a r u i t d e e r v a r i n g weten w i j , d a t d e s c h e i d i n g v a n p l a n n i n g , u i t v o e r i n g e n c o n t r o l e k a n l e i d e n t o t p r a k t i j k - v r e e m d e , a b s t r a c t e p l a n n i n g , t o t f r u s t r e r e n d , g e e s t e l i j k g e d r a i n e e r d u i t v o e r i n g s w e r k e n t o t b u r e a u c r a t i s c h k n e l l e n d e c o n t r o l e . Bet f e i t , d a t h e t p l a n n e n d , u i t v o e r e n d o f c o n t r o l e r e n d b e z i g z i j n a n d e r e vermogens i n d e mens a a n s p r e e k t , w i l nog n i e t zeggen, d a t s c h e i d i n g i n v e r s c h i l l e n d e o r g a n e n a l t i j d gewenst i s . D e r g e l i j k e “ f u n c t i o n e l e m o n o - c u l t u - r e n ” kunnen d e gewenste eigenschappen j u i s t n e g a t i e f deformeren. I n i e d e r g e v a l v e r e i s t d i f f e r e n t i a t i e l a n g s d e z e l i j n de g r o o t s t e waakzaamheid. D a a r v o o r z i j n we d e n e g a t i e v e e f f e c t e n e r v a n t e v a a k tegengekomen i n h e t v e l d . p r o f e s s i o n e e l . D e meeste h a r d e s c h e i d i n g s l i j n e n i n h e t v e l d l o p e n l a n g s d e p r o f e s s i e s : m e d i s c h , maatschappel i j k , v e r z o r g e n d , a g o g i s c h , a r b e i d s k u n d i g , e n z . E h deze s c h e i d i n g s l i j n e n z i j n d e s t e t a a i e r , n a a r m a t e d e v e r s c h i l l e n d e p r o f e s s i e s e i n d p u n t e n v a n e i g e n o p l e i - d i n g s l i j n e n z i j n , onderbouwd z i j n met e e n e i g e n w e t e n - s c h a p p e l i j k e d i s c i p l i n e i n c l u s i e f j a r g o n , omgeven z i j n door e e n e i g e n s t a t u s e n v e r a n k e r d z i j n i n e e n s a l a - r i ë r i n g s s c h a a l . De w e r k e l i j k h e i d d i e n t h a a r problemen n i e t a a n v o l g e n s de o p z i c h z e l f w i l l e k e u r i g e s c h e i d s l i j n e n v a n d e p r o - f e s s i e s . Z i j v r a a g t om i n t e r - d i s c i p l i n a i r e aanpak. Bovendien: w a t i s d e f e i t e l i j k e i n h o u d v a n e e n b e r o e p , van e e n wetenschap? I s h e t meer d a n g e s y s t e m a t i s e e r d gezond v e r s t a n d e n geaccumuleerde e r v a r i n g ? Z i t t e n e r n i e t v e e l “ k l e r e n v a n d e k e i z e r ” b i j ? Wanneer l a n g s d e z e l i j n g e d i f f e r e n t i e e r d w o r d t i s b e - z i n n i n g o p h e t e i g e n e v a n h e t v a k e n d e methode v a n h e t g r o o t s t e b e l a n g . D a t v o o r k o m t o n v r u c h t b a r e g e v e c h t e n aan d e g r e n s , d i e a l o m i n h e t v e l d kunnen worden w a a r - genomen. b. H e t f u n c t i o n e r e n v a n d e o r q a n i s a t i e De tweede g r o t e c a t e g o r i e v a n m o t i e v e n waarom organen z i c h a f s p l i t s e n h e e f t t e maken met h e t f u n c t i o n e r e n van h e t o r g a a n z e l f . We kunnen h i e r t w e e k a n t e n a a n onderscheiden: e e n b i n n e n k a n t e n e e n b u i t e n k a n t , de b i n n e n k a n t : k l e i n s c h a l i g h e i d . Organen kunnen z o l o g worden, d a t z i j i n t e r n n i e t meer f u n c t i o n e r e n . Dat k a n a a n l e i d i n g geven t o t s p l i t s i n g , t o t d i f f e r e n - t i a t i e . D e v r a a g i s o f d i t a l t i j d e e n goede o p l o s s i n g v o o r h e t probleem i s . E n wanneer d a t h e t g e v a l i s , moet b o v e n d i e n n o g met z o r g worden o n d e r z o c h t , v o l g e n s welke g e z i c h t s p u n t e n d e nieuwe o r g a n e n worden gevormd. de b u i t e n k a n t : o n a f h a n k e l i j k h e i d . Organen kunnen z o ingeklemd z i t t e n i n g r o t e r e k a d e r s o f z o v e r s t r e n g e l d z i t t e n i n economische o f i d e o l o g i s c h e b e l a n g e n , d a t z i j n i e t meer goed kunnen f u n c t i o n e r e n . D a a r u i t k a n de b e h o e f t e o n t s t a a n om z i c h a f t e z o n d e r e n , om z i c h “ u i t t e d i f f e r e n t i ë r e n ” u i t h e t g r o t e g e h e e l e n z i c h , z o a l s d a t h e e t , z e l f s t a n d i g e r e n autonomer o p t e s t e l - l e n . Ook h i e r g e l d e n d e z e l f d e waarschuwingen a l s b o v e n . Het z a l d u i d e l i j k z i j n , d a t d e z e b i n n e n k a n t - e n b u i t e n - k a n t - g e z i c h t s p u n t e n v e e l a l c o m p l e m e n t a i r z i j n ; k l e i n - s c h a l i g h e i d r o e p t v a a k v a n b u i t e n a f d e noodzaak t o t i n k a d e r i n g o p e n l u i d t daarmee v e e l a l e e n p r o c e s v a n s c h a a l v e r g r o t i n g i n . D a t k a n o p d e n d u u r w e e r d e b e - h o e f t e a a n meer autonomie e n k l e i n s c h a l i g h e i d oproepen. c . De s o o r t e n d o e l g r o e p e n Een l a a t s t e c a t a g o r i e v a n d i f f e r e n t i a t i e - m o t i e v e n komt v o o r t u i t d e b e h o e f t e e n d e noodzaak z i c h t e b e p e r k e n i n h e t s o o r t problemen d a t men w i l o p l o s s e n e n h e t s o o r t mensen d a t men w i l h e l p e n . Sommigen s p e c i a l i s e r e n z i c h o p b l i n d e n h u l p , a n d e r e n o p w e r k v o o r z i e n i n g , w e e r anderen o p b e j a a r d e n . H e t i s d u i d e l i j k - z o a l s d a t ook b i j d e a n d e r e c a t e g o r i e ë n h e t g e v a l i s - d a t d e d i f f e r e n t i a t i e s n o o i t e x c l u s i e f z i j n . Wanneer h e t g a a t om n u t t i g e b e z i g h e i d v o o r b e j a a r d e b l i n d e n i s e r samenw e r k i n g n o d i g ! W i j hebben i n h e t v e l d d e v o l g e n d e soorten d o e l g r o e p e n gevonden d i e a a n l e i d i n g geven t o t d i f f e r e n t i a t i e i n h u l p v e r l e n i n g s o r g a n e n ( e n o o k t o t b u n d e l i n g i n b e l a n g e n g r o e p e n ! ) . . s o o r t e n h a n d i c a p ( b l i n d e n , d o v e n , a s t h m a t i c i , m o t o - r i s c h g e s t o o r d e n , e n z . ) . s o o r t e n problemen ( o n d e r w i j s , a r b e i d e n s o c i a l e z e k e r h e i d , h u i s v e s t i n g e n v e r v o e r, spel e n r e c r e a t i e , r e l a t i e v e r z o r - g i n g ) • l e e f t i j d s g r o e p e n ( k i n d e r e n , v o l w a s s e n e n , b e j a a r d e n ) . w o o n p l a a t s ( g e m e e n t e , r e g i o , p r o v i n c i e , r i j k ) • r e c h t s p o s i t i e ( r e c h t o p h u l p v a n u i t AAW, AWW, b i j - standswet, e n z . ) Met name i n deze d i f f e r e n t i a t i e - c a t e g o r i e ë n t o o n t h e t v e l d a l l e overgangen e n daarmee h e t a r b i t r a i r e v a n e l k e i n d e l i n g . K i n d e r e n worden v o l w a s s e n , e e n a s t h m a - t i c u s k a n m o t o r i s c h g e s t o o r d z i j n , e e n w e r k e l o z e w o r d t van h e t n i e t s doen a r b e i d s o n g e s c h i k t , o n d e r w i j s v o o r - z i e n i n g e n v r a g e n om o p l o s s i n g v a n v e r v o e r s p r o b l e m e n , mensen v e r h u i z e n o f wonen o p d e r a n d t u s s e n t w e e r e g i o ' s , e n z . Grenzen t r e k k e n i s n o o d z a k e l i j k e n t o c h r o e p t e l k e grens problemen o p , omdat h e t l e v e n z i c h n i e t l a a t i n d e l e n . Beeldfragment VAE - I k b e n v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k v o o r de r e v a l i d a t i e - h u l p - I k z a l u h e l p e n , mevrouw - I k c o ö r d i n e e r d e h u l p v e r - l e n i n g s a c t i v i t e i t e n - I k k i e s w i e u z a l h e l p e n - I k w e r k z e l f s t a n d i g - De t o p i s v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k dat h e t g o e d l o o p t - Vo o r deze a s p e c t e n moet u b i j m i j z i j n - U l i j d t a a n d e z i e k t e v a n . . . - De o o r z a a k v a n uw h a n d i c a p i s - W i j z i j n v o o r a l s t e r k i n - E e t g a a t e r i n onze d i s c i - p l i n e v o o r a l om d a t . . . - Vo o r c o n c r e t e h u l p moet u z i j n b i j . . . - Vo l g e n s d e w e t o p d e a r b e i d s - o n g e s c h i k t h e i d , h e e f t u r e c h t o p o b - B i j o n z e o r g a n i s a t i e p a s t h e t b e s t . . . - W i j g e z a m e n l i j k s t e l l e n o n s v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k v o o r d e r e v a - l i d a t i e - h u l p - W i j z u l l e n u h e l p e n , mevrouw - U c o l i r d i n e e r t d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g s - a c t i v i t e i t e n - W i j o v e r l e g g e n w i e h e t b e s t k a n helpen - W i j w e r k e n samen - De b a s i s i s v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k d a t h e t g o e d l o o p t e n w i j d a t z i j h e t k a n waarmaken - Vo o r sommige a s p e c t e n moet s p e c i a l i s t i s c h e h u l p i n g e r o e - pen worden - Wa t b e t e k e n t d i t z i e k z i j n v o o r 11? - De g e v o l g e n v a n uw h a n d i c a p k u n - nen e r z o u i t z i e n - Onze i n b r e n g i s v o o r a l d a t . . . - Onze d i s c i p l i n e i s e r om h e t volgende b i j t e d r a g e n - Wa t i s d e c o n c r e t e h u l p d i e w i j geven - G e z i e n uw b e h o e f t e kunnen w i j m e t onze m i d d e l e n h e t v o l g e n d e doen - B i j w i e z o u d i t h e t b e s t t h i s horen? en d a a r v o o r moeten w i j oude o n v r u c h t b a r e gewoontes a l s d i e n s t v e r - l e n e r a fl e r e n e n o n s v r u c h t b a r e gewoontes a a n l e r e n . Moeten w i j o n z e zwakke k a n t e n a a n e l k a a r d u r v e n t o n e n . Moeten w i j v e r d e r l e r e n k i j k e n d a n onze e i g e n d i s c i p l i n e . Moeten w i j d e vermogens o n t w i k k e l e n d i e w e r k e l i j k e h u l p v e r - l e n i n g m o g e l i j k maken, z o a l s waarnemen, l u i s t e r e n , d i n g e n w e r k e - l i j k doen, p r o b l e e m v e r h e l d e r e n d v r a g e n s t e l l e n e n d u s n i e t a l l e e n met o n s z e l f b e z i g z i j n , s p r e k e n , r e g e l e n , o p l o s s i n g e n v e r - zinnen. Moeten w i j o n z e h u l p v e r l e n i n g v e r m e n s e l i j k e n . - “ l i e t w e r k e l i j k e t e k o r t gaan z i e n e n h e t j u i s t e i n i t i a t i e f o n t - p l o o i e n . ” 20. De o p l o s s i n g v a n deze p r o b l e m a t i e k v e r w i j s t s t e r k naar h e t v o l g e n d e e n l a a t s t e h o o f d s t u k u i t d i t d e e l : met w e l k e m i d d e l e n w o r d t i n h e t v e l d samenhang g e - schapen? Samenvattend z i j n i n d i t h o o f d s t u k aan d e o r d e geweest d o o r s n i j d i n g e n v a n h e t v e l d v a n u i t : d e a a r d v a n d e b i j - drage ( c o n f e s s i o n e e l , f u n c t i o n e e l , p r o f e s s i o n e e l ) , h e t f u n c t i o n e r e n v a n d e o r g a n i s a t i e ( k l e i n s c h a l i g h e i d e n o n a f h a n k e l i j k h e i d ) e n d e s o o r t e n d o e l g r o e p e n ( s o o r t e n handicap, s o o r t e n problemen, l e e f t i j d , w o o n p l a a t s , r e c h t s p o s i t i e ) W i j w i l l e n d i t h o o f d s t u k wederom a f s l u i t e n m e t e e n a a n t a l werkvragen, z o a l s d i e u i t h e t voorgaande voortkomen. Ga v o o r uw e i g e n o r g a n i s a t i e n a met b e h u l p v a n a l l e i n d i t h o o f d s t u k genoemde d i f f e r e n t i a t i e - i n g a n g e n : - v a n u i t w e l k e g e z i c h t s p u n t e n z i j n w i j g e d i f f e r e n t i e e r d ? - z i j n d i e d i f f e r e n t i a t i e - k e n m e r k e n voldoende d u i d e l i j k om onze o r g a n i s a t i e e e n e i g e n i d e n t i t e i t t e v e r s c h a f - fen? . i n t e r n v o o r d e medewerkers? • e x t e r n v a n u i t h e t v e l d g e z i e n ? - z i j n dm l i j n e n w a a r l a n g s w i j o n z e e i g e n h e i d hebben gekregen n o g r e l e v a n t o f v r a a g t d e o n t w i k k e l i n g om h e r z i e n i n g ? - hoe gaan w i j om m e t “ g r e n s - p r o b l e m e n ” ( o n d u i d e l i j k - h e i d b i j aangrenzende d i s c i p l i n e s , p r o b l e m e n , groepen)? 3. M e t w e l k e m i d d e l e n w o r d t i n h e t v e l d samenhang geschapen? We komen n u t o t e e n d e r d e a s p e c t v a n d e i n f r a - s t r u c t u u r rondom d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g . D i t a s p e c t v o r m t h e t complement van h e t v o r i g e . O v e r a l w a a r g e d i f f e r e n t i e e r d w o r d t , m o e t weer worden g e ï n t e g r e e r d o v e r a l w a a r gescheiden w o r d t , moet w e e r samenhang worden g e c r e ë e r d . D a t k a n o p v e r - s c h i l l e n d e m a n i e r e n . We w i l l e n h i e r o n d e r b e s c h r i j v e n w a t _ we i n h e t v e l d z i j n tegengekomen, z o w e l i n p o s i t i e v e a l s i n n e g a t i e v e z i n . We z u l l e n d a a r wederom z b t n o r d e n i n g i n b r e n g e n , d a t e r e e n z i n v o l l e samenhang o n t s t a a t e n aan h e t e i n d e v a n deze p a r a g r a a f d e c o n c e p t i e s wederom t o t c r i t i s c h e e v a l u a t i e v r a g e n kunnen worden v e r d i c h t . 21. De k e r n v r a g e n d i e h i e r t e s t e l l e n z i j n , l u i d e n : - w a t w o r d t e r gebundeld? Daarmee w o r d t o o k t e v e n s l i c h t geworpen o p d e v r a a g n a a r h e t b u n d e l i n g s m o t i e f . - waarmee w o r d t gebundeld? D i t z e g t i e t s o v e r d e methode, h e t h o e , e n o v e r d e a a r d v a n d e samenhang d i e d a a r d o o r o n t s t a a t . - w i e b u n d e l t e r ? Waar l i g g e n d e b u n d e l i n g s i n i t i a t i e v e n ? Van w e l k e g r o e p e n g a a t e r e e n b u n d e l i n g s k r a c h t u i t ? a. Wa t w o r d t e r gebundeld? Het maakt e e n g r o o t v e r s c h i l o f men e r v a r i n g e n , m i d d e - l e n o f b e h o e f t e n b u n d e l t . • E r v a r i n g e n . Mensen d i e v a n u i t e e n z e l f d e p r o b l e e m s t e l - l i n g , v a n u i t e e n z e l f d e d i s c i p l i n e o f v a n u i t e e n z e l f d e werk-methode e r v a r i n g e n opdoen kunnen d i e e r v a r i n g e n b i j e e n b r e n g e n , t e n e i n d e d a a r d o o r t o t p e r s o o n l i j k e v e r r i j k i n g e n p r o f e s s i o n e l e v e r d i e p i n g t e komen. Of deze b u n d e l i n g n u t o t e e n l o s s e s t u d i e g r o e p o f t o t een v a s t werkverband l e i d t , h e t w e z e n l i j k e e f f e c t v a n d i t s o o r t b u n d e l i n g i s w e t e n s c h a p p e l i j k e v e r d i e p i n g en k w a l i t a t i e f b e t e r e p r e s t a t i e s . D e o p t i e k d a a r b i j i s d i e v a n d e o n t w i k k e l i n g , z o w e l v o o r d e mensen a l s v o o r d e o r g a n i s a t i e e n h a a r p r e s t a t i e s . . B e h o e f t e n . D e p r e s t a t i e s waarvan i n h e t voorgaande sprake w a s , moeten worden g e r i c h t o p d e b e h o e f t e n , i n d i t g e v a l v a n g e h a n d i c a p t e n . D a a r t o e k a n b u n d e - l i n g v a n b e h o e f t e n n u t t i g z i j n . Deze b u n d e l i n g k a n n a t u u r l i j k o o k l e i d e n t o t h e t v e r b e t e r e n v a n d e o n d e r h a n d e l i n g s p o s i t i e i n e e n v e l d w a a r i n s c h i j n b a a r v e e l t e g e n s t r i j d i g e b e l a n g e n a a n d e o r d e z i j n . Een e e r s t e s t a p i n d e r i c h t i n g v a n e e n s i t u a t i e w a a r - i n mensen e n groepen met z e e r v e r s c h i l l e n d e b e h o e f t e n toch t o t h u n r e c h t komen, i s h e t z i c h t b a a r e n b e - spreekbaar maken v a n deze b e h o e f t e n . D a t maakt h e t de h u l p v e r l e n e r s o o k m o g e l i j k z i c h o p d e z e b e h o e f t e n t e r i c h t e n . H e t i s o v e r d e b u n d e l i n g v a n u i t d i t m o t i e f , dat w i j h i e r s p r e k e n o v e r d e b u n d e l i n g v a n b e h o e f t e n . . M i d d e l e n . H e t b u n d e l e n v a n m i d d e l e n k a n v a n b e t e k e n i s z i j n om d e b e s c h i k b a r e m i d d e l e n z o r e c h t v a a r d i g e n d o e l m a t i g m o g e l i j k t e r b e s c h i k k i n g t e s t e l l e n t . b . v . h e t h u l p v e r l e n i n g s p r o c e s t u s s e n d e h u l p v e r l e n e r s e n de g e h a n d i c a p t e n . W i j hebben i n h e t v e l d waargenomen, d a t d e v e r s n i p p e - r i n g e n d e o n o v e r z i c h t e l i j k h e i d alom om b u n d e l i n g v r a a g t , m a a r d a t e r w e i n i g onderscheidingsvermogen i s v o o r h e t v e r s c h i l d a t e r b e s t a a t t u s s e n h e t b u n d e l e n van e r v a r i n g e n , v a n m i d d e l e n e n v a n b e h o e f t e n , e n tussen d e v e r s c h i l l e n d e d o e l e n d i e daarmee kunnen w o r - den n a g e s t r e e f d . Deeldfragment 9 En t o e n s p r a k d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r t o t z i j n c o l l e g a : “ A l s i k d e zaken eens goed o p e e n r i j t j e z e t , k o m t h e t e r t o c h o p n e e r, dat e r v e r s c h i l l e n d e b e l a n g e n s p e l e n , e r i s s p r a k e v a n e e n b e l a n g e n t e g e n s t e l l i n g . H e t i s omdat i k w e i n i g macht h e b , anders zouden we d e z a a k eens a n d e r s aanpakken. H e t w e r k z o u i k andere o r g a n i s e r e n , d a t i s p u n t e e n , I k v r a a g me w e l e e n s a f , h o e kunnen we d e p a t i ë n t z o goed m o g e l i j k h e l p e n a l s we n i e t h e t v o l l e d i g e p a k k e t kunnen u i t v o e r e n . H e t i s e c h t e r e e n h e e l k a r w e i om d a a r v o o r d e n o d i g e m i d d e l e n l o s t e p e u t e r e n b i j de o v e r h e i d . ” Zolang we d e d i n g e n z e l f b l i j v e n d o e n , w e t e n we z e k e r d a t z e goed gaan De d i e n s t v e r l e n e r moet ontmoedigd c o n s t a t e r e n , d a t h i j s t e e d s weer e n v o o r a l m e t o r g a n i s a t o r i s c h e v r a g e n komt t e z i t t e n . A l d i e w e t s v e r a n d e r i n g e n dwingen t o t e e n f o r m e l e o p s t e l l i n g t e g e n - over e l k a a r . “Je v r a a g t j e w e l eens a f hoe h e t k o m t , d a t we o n z e zaken n i e t e c h t m e t e l k a a r w i l l e n e n kunnen bespreken a l s onze taak i s d a t w e l m e t d e g e h a n d i c a p t e t e doen”, z e i d e a n d e r e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r. De e e r s t e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r d a c h t n a e n z e i t o e n : “We hebben n u toch e e n n e t w e r k v a n c o n t a c t e n i n t r a m u r a a l - GMD - k r u i s w e r k - m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k , waarom l o o p t h e t d a n n i e t ? ” De tweede d i e n s t v e r l e n e r antwoordde: “ D e i n f r a - s t r u c t u u r i s e r . Het o n t b r e e k t e c h t e r a a n e e n g e z a m e n l i j k b e l e i d , D e e e n w e e t n i e t h o e e n w a t d e a n d e r d o e t e n d e n k t . H e t o n t b r e e k t a a n e e n goedlopende gemeenschappelijke h u l p v e r l e n i n g . ” Ze v r o e g e n z i c h a f : “ Wa t moet e r gebeuren, o p d a t s t r a k s d e ” h u l p v e r l e n e r a a n d e b a s i s “ mee h e t b e l e i d z a l g a a n b e p a l e n . Wat w i l l e n e n kunnen we samen doen a l s we n o g n i e t eens w e t e n wie n u w a t d o e t ? E n b o v e n d i e n we doen w e l l e u k e d i n g e n , m a a r we missen t o c h e e n gedegen s t u k onderbouw. ” Een d e r d e d i e mee h a d s t a a n l u i s t e r e n d a c h t : “Het g a a t e r b i j d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r t o c h v o o r a l om, d a t h i j d e e l u i t m a a k t v a n e e n n e t w e r k v a n mensen u i t v e r s c h i l l e n d e o r g a n i s a - t i e s m e t v e r s c h i l l e n d e bekwaamheden. E n d a t n e t w e r k v a n mensen moet m e t e l k a a r kunnen v a s t s t e l l e n w a t h e t t e k o r t i s i n h e t f u n c t i o n e r e n n a a r d e c l i ë n t t o e , w a t d e d i n g e n z i j n d i e v a s t - gelopen, v a s t g e r o e s t z i j n e n d i e ” o p g e l o s t “ moeten worden. b. Waarmee w o r d t gebundeld? W i j hebben i n h e t v e l d v a n u i t v i e r v e r s c h i l l e n d e i n - valshoeken i n t e g r a t i e p o g i n g e n z i e n ondernemen, c . q . i n t e g r a t i e z i e n o p t r e d e n e n w e l d o o r c o n c e p t i e s , s t r u c t u r e n , r e l a t i e s e n c l i ë n t e n . . C o n c e p t i e s . L e i d e n d e g e d a c h t e s , gemeenschappelijke d o e l s t e l l i n g e n , c o n c e p t i e s , l e i d b e e l d e n kunnen een k r a c h t i g e i n t e g r e r e n d e w e r k i n g hebben i n e e n v e r - b r o k k e l d v e l d . Z e kunnen h e t h a n d e l e n v a n i n d i v i d u e n en groepen r i c h t e n a l s d e n o o r d p o o l d e n a a l d v a n e e n kompas. W i j hebben i n h e t v e l d e e n s c h r i j n e n d t e k o r t a a n e c h t e l e i d b e e l d e n , a a n enthousiasmerende i d e e ë n v a s t g e s t e l d . B e l e i d s n o t a t s worden r e g e l m a t i g geproduceerd, m a a r ze b e v a t t e n w e i n i g ” s u b s t a n t i e “ . Z e b e v a t t e n w e i n i g fundamentele, t o e k o m s t - k r a c h t i g e g e z i c h t s p u n t e n . Z e b l i j k e n d a n o o k o v e r h e t algemeen e e n v r i j s c h i m m i g bestaan t e l e i d e n z o n d e r v e e l b e t e k e n i s v o o r d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d d i e h a a r e i g e n b e d d i n g z o e k t . . S t r u c t u r e n . E e n v e l d k a n o o k z i j n samenhang k r i j g e n door e e n r a t i o n e l e s t r u c t u u r , d i e e e n l o g i s c h v e r - band b r e n g t i n h e t g e h e e l v a n a c t i v i t e i t e n . D i t m i d d e l w o r d t - i n nauwe samenhang met e e n b e g r o t i n g s - e n s u b s i d i e s t r u c t u u r - d o o r d e b u r e a u - c r a t i s c h e o v e r h e i d h o o f d z n k e l i j k g e h a n t e e r d u i t beheereoverwegingen. H e t i s o n s o p g e v a l l e n , d a t h e t s o o r t s t r u c t u r e n d a t h i e r d o o r o n t s t a a t v e e l a l t o t beddingen l e i d t w a a r i n h e t l e v e n n i e t o p n a t u u r l i j k e w i j z e s t r o m e n k a n . Meer o r g a n i s c h e s t r u c t u r e n o n t s t a a n w e l l i c h t i n v e r - b i n d i n g met h e t v o l g e n d e a s p e c t : . R e l a t i e s . Mensen kunnen samenhang scheppen, d o o r d a t z i j e l k a a r kennen, e l k a a r v e r t r o u w e n , e l k a a r d e b a l t o e s p e l e n , i n e l k a a r g e l n t e r e s s e e r d z i j n . Z o k a n e r dwars d o o r d e f o r m e l e s t r u c t u u r heen e e n n e t w e r k van r e ë l e m e n s e l i j k e r e l a t i e s o n t s t a a n . W i j zouden h i e r b i j w i l l e n o n d e r s c h e i d e n , t u s s e n e n e r z i j d s h e t bekende ” o l d - b o y s - n e t w e r k “ , d e l o b b y, w a a r b i j e e n b e p e r k t a a n t a l mensen v i a e e n v e e l h e i d van d u b b e l f u n c t i e s e n ” r e l a t i e s “ a c h t e r d e schrermen de t o u w t j e s i n handen h e e f t e n a n d e r z i j d s h e t n e t - werk d a t o n t s t a a t d o o r bewust opgebouwde v e r t r o u w e n s - r e l a t i e s , i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a i r e v a k - i n t e r e s s e e n gemeens c h a p p e l i j k e w e r k - p r o j e c t - e r v a r i n g e n . We hebben o p bepaalde p u n t e n i n h e t v e l d d e c r e a t i e v e k r a c h t v a n z u l k e n e t w e r k e n e r v a r e n . • D e c l i ë n t . A l l e problemen komen b i j d e c l i ë n t t e zamen. D e g e h a n d i c a p t e i s e e n ongedeelde e e n h e i d . Te r w i l l e v a n d e h u l p v e r l e n i n g kunnen w i j z i j n v r a a g wel u i t e e n l e g g e n i n e e n p s y c h i s c h e e n e e n s o m a t i s c h e , 1 e e l d f r a g m e n t 1 0 De m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k . w e r k e r was e r g begaan m e t h e t l o t v a n d e m i s - deelden i n z i j n w e r k t e r r e i n . D a a r h a d j e a l l e r e e r s t d a t g r o e p j e Surinamers i n h e t o p v a n g h u i s , w a a r - z e n u a l w e e r d r i e j a a r z a t e n . dan was e r o o k d e j e u g d s o o s , w a a r i n s t e e d s g e v o c h t e n werd, omd-at d e j o n g e r e n z i c h v e r v e e l d e n . E n o o k h a d j e d a a r d e l i c h ame - l i j k g e h a n d i c a p t e n , d i e v a a k s t i l l e t j e s e n w a t vereenzaamd t h u i s zaten. H e t l e e k w e l o f e r s t e e d s meer g e h a n d i c a p t e n kwamen, o o k nu de.WAO-ers i n a a n t a l toenamen. D i e m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k e r voelde e r g mee m e t deze groepen e n h e t waren v o o r a l g e h a n d i c a p t e n d i e z i j n i n t e r e s s e hadden. A f e n t o e b e z o c h t h i j e r e e n e n d a n schrok h i j v a n d e problemen d i e h i j h o o r d e . Deze m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k e r h a d s i n d s k o r t e e n g e w e l d i g probleem i n h u i s g e k r e g e n . E n i g e weken a l was h i j i n c o n t a c t m e t e e n groepje g e h a n d i c a p t e n , d a t z i c h g e o r g a n i s e e r d h a d , omdat d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r s n o o i t t h u i s w a r e n , a l s j e z e n o d i g h a d e n o o k omdat d i e n i e t e r g goed o n d e r l i n g samenwerkten en h u n w e r k afstemden. De m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k e r was e n t h o u s i a s t geworden v o o r hun p l a n - nen, n i e t i n h e t m i n s t omdat h i j z o z i j n i d e a a l ” h e t a k t i v e r e n aan d e b a s i s “ k o n b e l e v e n e n r e a l i s e r e n . Z e hadden e e n p a a r k e e r met hem v e r g a d e r d e n h i j h a d hen z i j n h u l p e n s t e u n toegezegd. Nu t r o f h e t l o t hem z o , d a t h i j b i j n a t e g e l i j k e r t i j d d o o r z i j n baas d e d i r e k t e u r v a n d e s t i c h t i n g m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e l z i j n , a a n - .gewezen w e r d om d e e l t e nemen a a n e e n p r o j e c t , d a t maatschappel i j k w e r k samen met GMD h a d o p g e z e t . I n d a t p r o j e c t z o u d e m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k e r n a a s t d e a r b e i d s k u n d i g e e n medischkundige z i j n a d v i e s moeten geven o v e r b e p a l i n g v a n d e t o e k o m s t v a n h e n - d i e a r b e i d s o n g e s c h i k t waren geworden. O p deze w i j z e w e r d h i j i n - g e l i j f d i n h e t c o r p s v a n d i e n s t v e r l e n e r s d a t , o p a f s t a n d o o r - delend, d e t o e k o m s t v a n g e h a n d i c a p t e mensen b e p a a l d e . De m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k e r z a g z i c h v o o r e e n dilemma g e p l a a t s t . H i j moest z o w e l r e c h t e r a l s a d v o c a a t , z o w e l o f fi c i e r v a n j u s t i t i e a l s v e r d e d i g e r z i j n . H i j z e l f w i l d e n a a r d e b a s i s e n z i j n f u n c t i e g i n g n a a r d e t o p . Z i j n i d e a a l was d e maatschappel i j k e h u i s a r t s , d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d was d e b u r e a u c o t S r d i n a t o r. 25. i n e e n r e l a t i e v r a a g e n e e n w e r k v o o r z i e n i n g s v r a a g , i n e e n k o r t e t e r m i j n - e n e e n l a n g e t e r m i j n p r o b l e e m , maar v o o r d e belanghebbende i s a l l e s e e n o n d e e l b a a r geheel. We z i j n mensen i n h e t v e l d tegengekomen d i e de i n t e g r a t i e n i e t z o z e e r verwachten v a n d e b o v e n - k a n t ( c o n c e p t i e s ) o f v a n h e t midden ( s t r u c t u r e n e n r e l a t i e s ) m a a r v a n d e o n d e r k a n t ( d e c l i ë n t ) . Z i j hebben h e t v e r t r o u w e n , d a t e r e e n z i n v o l l e samenhang z a l o n t s t a a n t u s s e n a l l e f a c e t t e n v a n d e h u l p - v e r l e n i n g , wanneer z e z i c h l a t e n l e i d e n d o o r d e c l i ë n t z e l f , wanneer z e d e g e h a n d i c a p t e t e n nauwste b e t r e k - ken b i j d e o p l o s s i n g v a n z i j n e i g e n problemen, wanneer ze d e belanghebbenden h e l p e n h e t h e l p p r o c e s z e l f i n de h a n d t e nemen. Deze l a a t s t e i n t e g r a t i e k r a c h t i s n o g s l u i m e r e n d . V e e l hulpverlenende d i e n s t e n ( z i e d i v e r s e r a p p o r t e n v a n d e l a a t s t e t i j d ) z i j n z o g e r i c h t o p w e t t e n t o e p a s s e n , u i t k e r i n g e n b e t a l e n , e i g e n o r g a n i s a t i e c o n t i n u e r e n , budgetten bewaken, s p e l - s p e l e n met ( o f t e g e n ) d e o v e r h e i d e n a n d e r e i n s t a n t i e s , d a t d e g e h a n d i c a p t e z e l f v e e l a l a c h t e r d e b e w u s t z i j n s h o r i z o n t v e r d w i j n t . c . W i e b u n d e l t e r ? Het i s v a n b e l a n g t e o n d e r s c h e i d e n e n n a t e gaan v a n wie ( e n v a n w a a r ) d e bundelende k r a c h t e n i n h e t v e l d u i t g a a n . H e t i s e e n g r o o t v e r s c h i l o f h e t c e n t r u m v a n a c t i e b i j d e o v e r h e i d l i g t , b i j d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r o f b i j d e belanghebbende. D e t e n d e n s b e s t a a t o p h e t o g e n - b l i k , d a t d e o v e r h e i d d e i n i t i a t i e f n e m e r i s , d a t h a a r v e l d v a n a c t i e b i j d e d i e n s t v e r l e n e r l i g t ( a l s j u l l i e s u b s i d i e w i l l e n o n t v a n g e n , z u l j e j e h i e r a r c h i s c h - c e n t r a l i s t i s c h moeten o r g a n i s e r e n , w i j Wensen maar een b e p e r k t a a n t a l g e s p r e k s p a r t n e r s ) e n d a t a l s r e a c - t i e h i e r o p d e belanghebbenden z i c h gaan o r g a n i s e r e n om een s t e r k e r e v u i s t t e maken t e g e n o v e r d e o v e r h e i d . Zoals i n d e voorgaande p a r a g r a a f d u i d e l i j k was, d a t a l l e d i f f e r e n t i a t i e l i j n e n e l k a a r k r u i s e n e n d e d i f f e r e n t i a t i e s e l k a a r o v e r l a p p e n , z o i s h e t h i e r d u i d e l i j k hoe b u n d e - l i n g s m o t i e v e n , - o b j e c t e n , - m i d d e l e n e n - i n i t i a t o r e n t e n nauwste samenhangen. To c h k a n deze o n d e r s c h e i d i n g h e l p e n om h e t t o t a l e b u n d e l i n g s g e b e u r e n i n h e t v e l d d o o r z i c h t i g e r en e v e n w i c h t i g e r t e maken. Beeldfragment 11 “Toen i k i n h e t r e v a l i d a t i e c e n t r u m z a t , h a d i k h e t g e v o e l , a l s o f d i e mensen d a a r e r v o o r m i j w a r e n . I k z a t i n e e n schema v a n a c t i v i t e i t e n , r e g e l m a t i g z a g i k d e t h e r a p e u t e n d i e me a a n h e t werk z e t t e n e n d i e me v e r t e l d e n hoe i k v o r d e r d e . A f e n t o e s p r a k i k d e r e v a l i d a t i e a r t s e n d i e was h e e l t e v r e d e n met m i j n v o r d e - r i n g e n . H i j z e i , g e m i d d e l d z i t t e n mensen z o a l s j i j h i e r w e l 1 2 0 dagen, m a a r i k d e n k d a t j i j w e l n a 100 dagen n a a r h u i s k a n . M e t de a n d e r e mensen h a d i k a f e n t o e c o n t a c t . J e k o n z o n u e n d a n eens w a t u i t w i s s e l e n . Hoe g a a t h e t m e t j o u , i s h e t e c h t g e l u k t , k l o n k j e t e g e m o e t . R e g e l m a t i g kwam h e t g e z i n o p b e z o e k . Z e v e r - t e l d e n me s t e e d s d a t z e h e t t h u i s w e l konden r o o i e n z o n d e r me, ze hadden d e t a k e n o n d e r l i n g v e r d e e l d . Z e z e i d e n o o k , d a t z e b l i j zouden z i j n a l s i k e r weer was. I k vorm me n o g maar geen idee o v e r hoe h e t t h u i s z a l gaan s t r a k s . E r z a l w e l e e n e n a n d e r gaan v e r a n d e r e n . M i s s c h i e n moeten we o o k w e l verbouwen. E e r s t maar eens z o r g e n , d a t i k e r n a 100 dagen u i t b e n , i k moet z o r - gen, d a t i k p r e c i e s d o e w a t z e me v r a g e n t e d o e n . ” ” I k b e n e e n h a l f j a a r t h u i s e n b e s e f n u i n w a t v o o r u i t z o n d e - r i n g s p o s i t i e i k gekomen b e n . Z e d a c h t e n h i e r d a t a l l e s w e l weer g a n g z o u gaan, m a a r d a t g i n g n i e t z o . I k moet n o g s t e e d s r e g e l m a t i g n a a r t h e r a p i e e n o o k moet i k n o g wel e e n s a n d e r e n opzoeken. I k w e e t n i e t p r e c i e s w a t e r n u v e r d e r gaat gebeuren. J e k o m t h i e r w e l o p j e z e l f t e z i t t e n , d e a n d e r e n h i e l p e n i n h e t b e g i n n o g w e l e e n s , m a a r n u zeggen z e maar d a t i k h e t z e l f moet p r o b e r e n , d a t i k d a a r d o o r v o o r u i t z a l g a a n . D e r e l a t i e t o t m i j n e c h t g e n o o t i s w e l v e r a n d e r d . H e t g a a t n i e t meer z o a l s v r o e g e r, h i j i s o o k w e l e r g d r u k n u met z i j n w e r k . De k i n d e r e n z i j n w e l a a r d i g v o o r m i j maar z e b e g r i j p e n t o c h n i e t wat i k moet doormaken. G e l u k k i g i s d e b u u r v r o u w e e n t o f f e m e i d , d i e v o e l t w e l a a n w a t h e t b e t e k e n t , h a a r man i s WAO-er. J e v r a a g t j e w e l a f w a t j e n u v e r d e r n o g m e e t . V e e l beweging i s e r n i e t meer, j e s u f t h i e r maar i n . “ 24. Daarom i s o n z e w e r k v r a a g a a n h e t e i n d e v a n deze p a r a g r a a f : Heem een s t u k v a n h e t v e l d i n ogenschouw, d a t u u i t e r - v a r i n g k e n t e n v r a a g u a f : - w a t h o u d t d e z a a k b i j e e n ? - w a t b e t e k e n t d a t v o o r d e mensen i n d e o r g a n i s a t i e s en v o o r d e d i e n s t v e r l e n i n g n a a r b u i t e n ? e - z o u d t u a n d e r e samenhang scheppende k r a c h t e n w i l l e n m o b i l i s e r e n ? - w e l k e c o n c r e t e wegen z i e t u d a a r t o e ? D. H e t h e l p - p r o c e s Binnen h e t k a d e r v a n d e i n f r a - s t r u c t u u r ( z i e 2 ) e n z i c h r i c h t e n d o p d e g e h a n d i c a p t e ( z i e 1 ) s p e e l t z i c h h e t e i g e n - l i j k e h e l p - p r o c e s a f . V e e l v r a g e n d i e h i e r b i j a a n d e o r d e komen vonden v a n d a a r u i t r e e d s h u n a n t w o o r d . E e n d r i e t a l vragen w i l l e n w i j n o g s t e l l e n , omdat z e o n s z o d u i d e l i j k u i t h e t v e l d tegemoet k l i n k e n . Z e hebben t e maken met d e v i s i e o p h e t h e l p p r o c e s z e l f , m e t d e v r a a g w i e e r moet helpen e n w i e e r g e h o l p e n moet worden. I . De v i s i e o p h e t h e l p p r o o e s z e l f De b e l a n g r i j k s t e v r a a g d i e men a a n h e t h e l p p r o c e s k a n s t e l l e n , - e n h e t g e w i c h t d a t men a a n d i e v r a a g h e c h t , zegt i e t s o v e r d e v i s i e d i e men o p h e t h e l p p r o c e s h e e f t - i s o f e r w e r k e l i j k s p r a k e i s v a n e e n p r o c e s . - Het e e r s t e kenmerk v a n e e n p r o c e s i s g e l e i d e l i j k h e i d : - e e n g e l e i d e l i j k e o v e r g a n g v a n i n t r a m u r a a l n a a r e x t r a - muraal; - e e n g e l e i d e l i j k e o v e r g a n g v a n a f h a n k e l i j k h e i d v a n externe deskundigheden n a a r autonomie d o o r z e l f - h u l p ; - e e n g e l e i d e l i j k e o v e r g a n g v a n d e e n e s o o r t h u l p ( b . v . meer f y s i e k ) n a a r e e n andere s o o r t ( b . v . m e e r m a a t - s c h a p p e l i j k ) . A l d e z e overgangen kunnen o o k a b r u p t e n onverwacht z i j n , zodat e r e i g e n l i j k geen s p r a k e i s v a n e e n p r o c e s , m a a r van e e n d i s c o n t i n u gebeuren. De v r a a g o f e r w e r k e l i j k s p r a k e i s v a n e e n p r o c e s kunnen we o o k beantwoorden d o o r t e b e z i e n i n h o e v e r r e a l l e d e e l a c t i v i t e i t e n d i e a a n d e o r d e komen e e n i n n e r l i j k e samenhang, e e n ” g e s t a l t e “ hebben, d o o r d a t z e n i e t a l l e e n o p e l k a a r , m a a r o o k o p e e n g e m e e n s c h a p p e l i j k Beeldfragment 1 2 De l e e k i n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t e n v e l d , v a a k d e v r i j w i l l i g e r , b e l e e f t een a f s t a n d t o t d e p r o f e s s i o n a l . D i e w e e t h e t p r e c i e s , m a a r w e l binnen z i j n v a k r i c h t i n g e n d i e k a n h e t o o k z o goed verwoorden. Ook neemt d i e goed a f s t a n d v a n h e t p r o b l e e m . Z e l e g g e n v a n 8 t o t 5 d e mens g e h e e l u i t e e n i n s p e c i a l i s m e n e n j e v r a a g t j e a f hoe dat w e e r b i j e l k a a r g e b r a c h t moet worden. Z e hebben o o k o o g v o o r s t r u c t u r e l e v r a g e n e n bemoeien z i c h n o g a l m e t a n d e r e w e r k e r s i n h e t v e l d . Z e hebben a u t o r i t e i t vanwege h u n k e n n i s e n i n z i c h t e n d i e i s v a a k onmisbaar. D e mensen d i e h e t w e r k doen b i j d e g e - handicapte t h u i s , z o a l s v e r p l e e g k u n d i g e o f h u i s a r t s s t a a n d e v r i j w i l l i g e r n o g h e t n a a s t . We r k e r s u i t d i e n s t e n v o o r h u l p v e r - l e n i n g s t a a n a l v e r d e r a f . D e v r i j w i l l i g e r w i l e n k a n v e e l d o e n , h e e f t v a a k d e t i j d d a a r v o o r e n d e l a n g e adem. De p r o f e s s i o n a l i n h e t g e h a n d i c a p t e n v e l d b e l e e f t e e n a f s t a n d t o t de l e e k , d e v r i j w i l l i g e r . Va a k s t a a n d i e m e t h u n goedbedoelde i n t e n t i e s vakbekwame h u l p v e r l e n i n g i n d e weg. J e k u n t s l e c h t s i n z e k e r e s i t u a t i e s e e n b e r o e p doen o p h e n . Z e doen w e l g o e d werk, m a a r w a t o p p e r v l a k k i g . H u l p v e r l e n i n g i s e e n v a k , j e moet weten w a t j e d o e t . De v r i j w i l l i g e r e n d e p r o f e s s i o n a l : h e t v e r l e d e n e n h e t heden. Hoe z a l d e t o e k o m s t z i j n ? Home teams w a a r i n v e r p l e e g k u n d i g e , m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k w e r k e r, a r t s e n a r b e i d s b u r e a u werken Regionale teams w a a r i n s e c r e t a r i s i c o t 3 r d i n a t o r e n mensen u i t d e v e r s c h i l l e n d e d i e n s t e n w e r k e n , z o a l s GMD . , k r u i s - v e r e n i g i n g , m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k p l a t f o r m P r o v i n c i a l e teams p r o v i n c i a l e d i e n s t e n Waar z a l d e p l a a t s z i j n v a n d e v r i j w i l l i g e r s o r g a n i s a t i e s e n n i e t t e v e r g e t e n v a n d e g e h a n d i c a p t e n o r g a n i s a t i e s z e l f ? “De d i e n s t v e r l e n e r s m e t e l k a a r , h o e z u l l e n z e z i t t e n ? ” 25. idee ( b . v , e e n r e v a l i d a t i e - p l a n ) z i j n b e t r o k k e n . Een l a a t s t e k a r a k t e r i s t i e k waar we n a a r kunnen k i j k e n a l s we o n s a f v r a g e n o f e e n b e p a a l d gebeuren p r o c e s - k a r a k t e r h e e f t , i s h e t v e r s c h i j n s e l o n t w i k k e l i n g . E e n mechanisch gebeuren i s i e t s d a t r e c h t l i j n i g v e r l o o p t , d o o r bekende c a u s a l i t e i t e n w o r d t b e p a a l d e n d a a r d o o r v o l l e d i g p l a n b a a r, v o o r s p e l b a a r e n beheersbaar i s . I n e e n o r g a n i s c h proces i s r u i m t e v o o r nieuwe o n t w i k k e l i n g e n . E l k e f a s e schept nieuwe r e a l i t e i t e n d i e o p h u n b e u r t u i t g a n g s p u n t kunnen vormen v o o r g e b e u r t e n i s s e n d i e we i n een e e r d e r stadium n i e t v o o r m o g e l i j k hadden gehouden. E e n mechanisch en v o l l e d i g g e p l a n d v e r l o p e n d gebeuren v e r h i n d e r t e e n nieuwe i n s l a g . B i j e e n l e v e n d h e l p p r o c e s w o r d t s t e e d s o p - nieuw n a a r d e r e a l i t e i t v a n h e t moment gekeken e n v a n d a a r u i t n a a r d e v o l g e n d e s t a p . D e i n n e r l i j k e h o u d i n g d a a r - b i j i s d e o v e r t u i g i n g , d a t i n h e t p r o c e s z e l f k r a c h t e n werken d i e v e e l w i j z e r z i j n d a n o n s b e p e r k t e i n t e l l e c t . Va n u i t d e z e v i s i e o p h e t h u l p p r o c e s z e l f kunnen d r i e w e r k - vragen worden g e f o r m u l e e r d : - i n h o e v e r r e i s h e t h e l p g e b e u r e n g e l e i d e l i j k o f d i s - c o n t i n u ? - i n h o e v e r r e i s h e t h e l p g e b e u r e n g e ï n t e g r e e r d o f e e n optelsom v a n d e e l h u l p ? i n h o e v e r r e b i e d t h e t h e l p g e b e u r e n r u i m t e v o o r o n t - w i k k e l i n g o f i s h e t r e c h t l i j n i g gepland? 2. W i e moet e r h e l p e n ? Een tweede c e n t r a l e v r a a g i n h e t k a d e r v a n h e t h e l p p r o o e s i s d e v r a a g w i e h e t h e l p e n d e s u b j e c t i s . D r i e m o g e l i j k e antwoorden z i j n o n s u i t h e t v e l d tegemoet gekomen: d e deskundige, d e v r i j w i l l i g e r e n d e g e h a n d i c a p t e z e l f . H i s t o r i s c h i s d e h u l p begonnen b i j d e v r i j w i l l i g e r . A l l e armenzorg e n fi l a n t r o p i e was v r i j w i l l i g e r s w e r k v a n u i t d e gegoede s t a n d . G e l e i d e l i j k begon h e t w e r k t e p r o f e s s i o - n a l i s e r e n . E r o n t s t o n d e n s p e c i a l e o p l e i d i n g e n , methodes, t e c h n i e k e n , e n z . Daarmee d r e i g d e d e c l i ë n t s t e e d s o n - mondiger t e warden. Hoe v e r d e r d e h u l p v e r l e n e r z i c h p r o f e s s i o n a l i s e e r d e , h o e g r o t e r d e a f s t a n d t o t hem w e r d en hoe meer d e c l i ë n t z i c h p a s s i e f moest o v e r g e v e n . Een a n d e r g e v o l g v a n deze o n t w i k k e l i n g was e e n s t e r k e p o l a r i s a t i e t o t d e v r i j w i l l i g e r s . D e p r o f e s s i o n a l s b e l e e f - den v r i j w i l l i g e r s a l s o n v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k e a m a t e u r s , b e u n - hazen, h o b b y i s t e n e n d e r g e l i j k e . D e v r i j w i l l i g e r s v e r - weten d e d e s k u n d i g e n , d a t z e koude t e c h n o c r a t e n waren d i e meer i n h u n methodes e n w e t e n s c h a p p e l i j k e h y p o t h e s e n g e ï n t e r e s s e e r d waren d a n i n d e g e h a n d i c a p t e z e l f . Dan komt d e k e n t e r i n g . I n h e t k a d e r v a n d e e m a n c i p a t i e e n d e p e r s o n a l i s t i s c h e s t r o m i n g e n i n d e menswetenschappen, w o r d t h e t woord z e l f - h e l p g e b o r e n . De g e h a n d i c a p t e moet g e h o l p e n worden z i c h z e l f t e h e l p e n . De s p e c i a l i s t moet v a n z i j n v o e t s t u k komen, d e c l i ë n t i s p r i m a i r v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k v o o r z i j n e i g e n h e r s t e l - , a a n - p a s s i n g s - o f o n t w i k k e l i n g s p r o c e s . Daarmee i s d e h e l p d r i e h o e k langzaam u i t d e v e r f gekomen. v r i j w i l l i g e r e x p e r t c l i ë n t 26. Onze c o n c l u s i e u i t o n z e o r i ë n t a t i e i s , d a t z e a l l e d r i e een w e z e n l i j k e f u n c t i e hebben. D e c l i ë n t omdat h i j degene i s d i e h e t probleem h e e f t e n ermee moet l e r e n omgaan, d e deskundige omdat h e t o n l o o c h e n b a a r i s , d a t wetenschap e n s t u d i e e e n e i g e n b i j d r a g e kunnen l e v e r e n a a n d i a g n o s e e n t h e r a p i e , d e v r i j w i l l i g e r omdat h i j n i e t gebonden i s a a n een o r g a n i s a t i e , a a n bercepsnormen, a a n p r e s t a t i e n o r m e n e n inkomens-problemen. H i j maakt v a a k - a l s buurman o f f a m i l i e - d e e l u i t v a n d e l e e f s f e e r v a n d e g e h a n d i c a p t e e n a l s d i t n i e t h e t g e v a l i s , d a n h e e f t d e g e h a n d i c a p t e i n z i j n b e l e v i n g s w e r e l d t o c h e e n v e e l g r o t e r e n a b i j h e i d t o t hem dan t o t d e p r o f e s s i o n a l . Z o k a n d e v r i j w i l l i g e r e e n b e l a n g r i j k e b r o n v a n i n f o r m a t i e v o o r d e p r o f e s s i o n a l z i j n en k a n d e p r o f e s s i o n a l d e v r i j w i l l i g e r w a a r d e v o l l e t i p s geven om d i e n s h e l p - w e r k e f f e c t i e v e r t e maken. E n a l l e b e i hebben z e h u n e i g e n r e l a t i e t o t d e g e h a n d i c a p t e . Zo moeten a l l e z i j d e n v a n d e d r i e h o e k - a l s r e l a t i e - v e r - zorgd warden. E l k e vorm v a n p o l a r i s e r i n g o f w i l l e n u i t - schakelen i s o n v r u c h t b a a r. De werkvraag a a n h e t e i n d e v a n deze k o r t e p a r a g r a a f i s ook k o r t . B e k i j k i n h e t e i g e n w e r k v e l d w a a r s p r a k e i s v a n z e l f - h u l p , w a a r v a n v r i j w i l l i g e r s - h u l p e n w a a r v a n p r o f e s - s i o n e l e h u l p b e k i j k d e r e l a t i e s t u s s e n d e d r i e z i j d e n van d e d r i e h o e k i n uw s p e c i a l e s i t u a t i e e n v r a a g u a f o f e n z o j a met w e l k e m i d d e l e n h e t z w a a r t e p u n t v a n d e d r i e h o e k verschoven e n d e r e l a t i e s v e r b e t e r d moeten worden. D e e l d f r a g m e t t 1 3 Dat b e n i k , i k met m i j n h a n d i c a p , A l l e s h a n g t m e t a l l e s samen. A l s i k maar n i e t g e h a n d i c a p t w a s , d a n h a d i k d i e a n d e r e p r o b l e - men o o k n i e t z o . E r i s niemand i n m i j n w e r e l d d i e e r z o a a n t o e i s a l s i k . I k maak m i j z o k l e i n m o g e l i j k . A l s i k a l l e s b r e e d g a u i t h a n g e n , dan z i e i k niemand meer. I k z i t n u a l i n e e n i s o l e m e n t . Niemand z i t h e t z o t e g e n a l s i k . Dat z i j n w i j . W i j hebben e e n h a n d i c a p . A l l e s h a n g t m e t a l l e s samen. J e k u n t j e a f v r a g e n o f a l l e e n g e h a n d i c a p t e n d a t s o o r t problemen hebben, z o a l s w i j z e hebben. J e z i t t o c h maar b e h o o r -l i j k b e r o e r d , a l s j e n i e t meer z o mee k a n i n d e m a a t s c h a p p i j , Haar g o e d , w i j s t e u n e n e l k a a r e n we kunnen onze g e v o e l e n s v a n onmacht, t e l e u r s t e l l i n g , a n g s t e n a g r e s s i e o o k eens k w i j t , En g e h a n d i c a p t e n hebben humor. We l a c h e n o n s soms r o t m e t e l - k a a r. I k b e n w a t k w i j t , m a a r z i j z i j n o o k w a t k w i j t . D e e e n z i j n k i n d , de a n d e r z i j n v r o u w, e e n d e r d e z i j n b a a n . We hebben v e e l gemeens c h a p p e l i j k e problemen. Vo o r m i j z i e n z e e r soms t o c h w a t a n d e r s u i t . I k moet n i e t a l l e s a a n e l k a a r p l a k k e n . I e d e r h e e f t z i j n combinatie v a n problemen. M i j n probleem i s , d a t i k n i e t s d o e . I k g a t o c h maar eens k i j k e n o f i k n i e t i e t s k a n d o e n , b . v . d i e drempels i n openbare k a n t o r e n . Je v r a a g t j e a f , a l s s p e c i a l i s t e n w a a r i k s t e e d s moet komen n u ook eens e e n k e e r g i n g e n z i e n , d a t z e maar dunne s c h o t j e s om z i c h heen hebben, a l s z e e l k a a r eens om r a a d zouden v r a g e n , e l k a a r eens o p b e l l e n d a n zouden z e e e n b e t e r e n v o l l e d i g e r b e e l d hebben v a n w a a r h e t b i j m i j om g a a t . N a a r j a , i n i t i a t i e f nemen i s m o e i l i j k met a l d i e v o l l e a g e n d a ' s . G e l u k k i g d a t i k nog w a t t i j d o v e r h e b . Dan k a n i k d i e e e n s wegschenken a a n e e n ander d i e m i j n o d i g h e e f t . 27. 3. W i e moet g e h o l p e n worden? Het e n i g e e n c e n t r a l e p u n t d a t h i e r e i g e n l i j k a a n d e o r d e i s , i s d e r e l a t i e t u s s e n d e g e h a n d i c a p t e e n z i j n omgeving. I n a l l e t o o n a a r d e n i s o n s d i t probleem u i t h e t v e l d t e g e - moet gezongen g n i e t a l l e e n d e g e h a n d i c a p t e h e e f t e e n p r o - bleem, c . q e e n u i t d a g i n g , m a a r o o k z i j n omgeving. D i e omgeving k a n men i n c o n c e n t r i s c h e k r i n g e n om hem heen t e k e - nen. H e t d i c h t s t b i j e v e n t u e e l z i j n v r o u w, d a n z i j n k i n d e - r e n , n a a s t e k e n n i s s e n e n f a m i l i e , d e s t r a a t , d e w e r k k r i n g , t o t d e anonieme s a m e n l e v i n g a a n t o e . Voor d e k r i n g e n d i c h t om hem heen i s h e t h e l p p r o b l e e m z e e r verwant a a n d a t v a n d e g e h a n d i c a p t e z e l f g n i e u w e h a n d - vaardigheden l e r e n , r e l a t i e s opnieuw vormen, a n d e r d a g - r y t m e , m i s s c h i e n v e r h u i z e n , v e r a n d e r d l e v e n s p e r s p e c t i e f , e . d . Vo o r d e k r i n g e n v e r weg i s h e t h e l p p r o b l e e m a n d e r s ; v e e l meer h e t d u r v e n s t e l l e n v a n d e gewetensvraag hoe we o n s verhouden t o t a l d i e g r o e p e r i n g e n d i e we a l s ” o n - aangepasten“ o f ” n i e t meer t o t f u n c t i o n e r e n i n s t a a t z i j n d e n “ b u i t e n d e s a m e n l e v i n g p l a a t s e n , h o e we d a a r b i j met h e n e n met o n s z e l f omgaan, w i e e i g e n l i j k d e ” a f - w i j k e n d e n “ z i j n , w a t we v a n z e kunnen l e r e n e n z o meer. U i t deze k o r t e beschouwing v o l g t d e s i m p e l e werkvraagg I s d e b e s c h i k b a r e h u l p c a p a c i t e i t e v e n w i c h t i g v e r d e e l d over d e h u l p a a n d e p e r s o o n z e l f e n a a n z i j n omgeving? V METHODE EN MENSBEELD A. D e b e t e k e n i s v a n d e methoden d i e d e o n d e r z o e k e r e n d e veranderaar g e b r u i k e n Het i s i n d e w e t e n s c h a p s t h e o r i e b e k e n d , d a t h e t s o o r t a n t - woorden d a t e e n onderzoek o p l e v e r t b e p a a l d w o r d t d o o r d e aard v a n d e v r a a g s t e l l i n g . I s m i j n hypothese k w a n t i t a t i e f van a a r d , d a n z a l h e t o n d e r z o e k s o b j e c t a l l e e n i n t g e d e e l t e van z i j n w e r k e l i j k h e i d p r i j s g e v e n d a t o p d e gekozen z e e f b l i j f t l i g g e n , i n d i t g e v a l d e k w a n t i t a t i e v e . W i e m e t e e n machtsconcept d e s o c i a l e w e r k e l i j k h e i d b e n a d e r t , hem z a l d i e w e r k e l i j k h e i d u i t s l u i t e n d a l s machtsverhoudingen v e r - s c h i j n e n . A a n g e z i e n methodes e n i n s t r u m e n t e n a f g e l e i d e n (dienen t e ) z i j n v a n hypothesen e n p r o b l e e m s t e l l i n g e n , g e l d t h e t bovenstaande v o o r deze eerstgenoemde e v e n z e e r. Voor d e o n d e r z o e k e r z o u daarom e e n permanente gewetensvraag moeten z i j n : ” Z i j n m i j n methodes e n m i j n i n s t r u m e n t e n v a n d e z e l f d e a a r d a l s h e t o b j e c t d a t i k w i l onderzoeken?“ Met b e t r e k k i n g t o t d e moderne f y s i c a w e r d d o o r H e i s e n b e r g deze v r a a g z o d a n i g n e g a t i e f beantwoord, d a t h i j z i o h geroepen voelde t o t d e u i t s p r a a k ” d e moderne natuurwetenschapper neemt a l l e e n n o g maar z i j n e i g e n i n s t r u m e n t e n w a a r ! “ Z i j n h y p o t h e s e n , t o t u i t d r u k k i n g komend i n z i j n methodes e n i n s t r u m e n t e n , s c h u i v e n z i c h a l s wezensvreemde elementen t u s - sen o n d e r z o e k e r e n o b j e c t . Naar a n a l o g i e v a n h e t voorgaande d a a g t i n d e a g o g i e k h e t i n z i c h t , d a t d e v e r a n d e r i n g e n d i e a l s g e v o l g v a n e e n p r o c e s optreden v a n d e z e l f d e a a r d z i j n a l s h e t p r o c e s d a t z e h e e f t opgeroepen. I k k a n v e r b a a l n a a r d e m o c r a t i s e r i n g s t r e v e n , w a n - neer i k d i e d e m o c r a t i s e r i n g met a u t o r i t a i r e methodes t r a c h t i n t e v o e r e n , z a l i k s l e c h t s h e t a u t o r i t a i r e i n d e s i t u a t i e v e r s t e r k e n . Wanneer i k o p v e r t r o u w e n gebaseerde samenwerking w i l oproepen e n d a a r b i j c o n t r o l e m i d d e l e n h a n t e e r d i e o p wantrouwen b e r u s t e n , z a l m i j d a t wantrouwen ( v e r s t e r k t ) u i t de omgeving worden t e r u g g e s p i e g e l d . Z o z u l l e n d e c e n t r a l i s a - t i e - p o g i n g e n d i e l a n g s c e n t r a l i s t i s c h e banen worden o n d e r - nomen, - w e i n i g e f f e c t s o r t e r e n . V o o r d e v e r even k r a c h t i g a l s v o o r d e o n d e r z o e k e r, e e n gewetensvraag z i j n h a n d e l e n moeten b e g e l e i d e n : ” Z i j n d e methoden d i e i k h a n t e e r v a n d e z e l f d e a a r d a l s d e v e r a n d e r i n g e n d i e i k d a a r - mee t e w e e g w i l brengen?“ B. I n t e n t i e , p r o c e s e n r e s u l t a a t 28. De v r a a g n a a r d e samenhang v a n d e d o o r o n s g e b r u i k t e methode en h e t d o o r o n s beoogde r e s p e c t i e v e l i j k b e h a a l d e r e s u l t a a t - e e n p r o b l e e m s t e l l i n g d i e z o w e l v o o r d e w e t e n s c h a p p e l i j k e onderzoeker a l s v o o r d e ” a g o g i s c h e v e r a n d e r a a r “ b l i j k t t e gelden - w i l l e n w i j h i e r o n d e r t r a c h t e n t e beantwoorden. 290 Om t e b e g i n n e n z i j n w i j v a n meet a f a a n z o b e z i g geweest, dat h e t onderzoek z e l f e e n b i j d r a g e z o u z i j n t o t v e r a n d e r i n g . Het ” a c t i e “ - k a r a k t e r v a n onze o r i ë n t a t i e i s u i t e r a a r d n o g zeer b e s c h e i d e n . H e t g a a t e c h t e r om d e i n t e n t i e . Deze i n t e n - t i e i s z o , d a t d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d n i e t ” w a a r d e - v r i j “ , s t a t i s - t i s c h , o p e e n a f s t a n d w o r d t b e s c h r e v e n , m a a r d o e l g e r i c h t , p a r t i c i p e r e n d , i n beweging w o r d t g e b r a c h t . D a a r d o o r o p e n - b a a r t d e w e r k e l i j k h e i d z i c h v a n h a a r dynamische z i j d e . De d o e l s t e l l i n g e n v a n h e t a c t i e - o n d e r z o e k p r o c e s werden n i e t a b s t r a c t - t e c h n o c r a t i s c h v a n t e v o r e n v a s t g e s t e l d i n d e v o r m van k w a n t i fi c e e r b a r e r e s u l t a t e n . H e t p r o c e s z e l f i s k o e r s - zoekend d o e l - g e n e r e r e n d , i n t e n t i e s - o n t w i k k e l e n d . Daarmee komt h o t p r o c e s c e n t r a a l t e s t a a n . H e t h e e f t geen m i d d e l - k a r a k t e r i n d e z i n v a n e e n w e t e n s c h a p p e l i j k e methode d i e m i j - a l s e e n v e r w o r v e n h e i d b u i t e n m i j e e n o n d e r z o e k s r e s u l t a a t o p l e v e r t . N e e n , d e bewustwording d i e z i c h i n d e o n d e r z o e k e r s onderweg v o l t r e k t i s h e t o n d e r z o e k s r e s u l t a a t . Het p r o c e s h e e f t o o k geen m i d d e l - k a r a k t e r i n d e z i n v a n e e n s t r a t e g i s c h e methode d i e m i j - a l s e e n s i t u a t i e b u i t e n m i j - een a c t i e r e s u l t a a t o p l e v e r t , r e e , d e E 2 d i m g r j e r n d l i n g d i e z i c h b i j d e v e r a n d e r a a r onderweg v o l t r e k t i s h e t a c t i e - r e s u l - t a a t . Wanneer v a n e e n a a n t a l i n h e t p r o c e s b e t r o k k e n e n z o w e l h e t b e w u s t z i j n a l s h e t g e d r a g v e r a n d e r t , b e t e k e n t d i t i n f e i t e een v e r a n d e r i n g v a n d e s i t u a t i e , v a n d e s t r u c t u u r . Deze veranderde s t r u c t u u r k a n n a t u u r l i j k t e r u g w e r k e n o p h e t b e - w u s t z i j n e n h e t g e d r a g v a n a n d e r e n . Het g e h e l e v e r a n d e r i n g s p r o e e s d a t i n o n s onderzoek a a n d e orde i s , v i n d t z i j n e s s e n t i e i n v e r a n d e r i n g e n i n e n a a n en d o o r d e mensen. Omdat i n onze aanpak g e t r a c h t w o r d t h e t onderzoeksproces e n h e t v e r a n d e r i n g s p r o c e s t e beschouwen a l s t w e e z i j l e n v a n 6énze1fde p r o c e s e n d i t p r o c e s z e l f de k e r n v a n h e t beoogde r e s u l t a a t i s , daarom z i j n w i j v a n mening, d a t d e v r a a g o f methode e n beoogd r e s u l t a a t v a n d e z e l f d e a a r d z i j n , p o s i t i e f k a n warden beantwoord. C. D e k e u z e v a n h e t mensbeeld Wanneer d e k e r n v a n d e d o o r ons beoogde p r o c e s s e n b e s c h r e - ven w o r d t i n t e r m e n v a n v e r a n d e r i n g e n i n e n a a n e n d o o r mensen, k o m t d e v r a a g c e n t r a a l t e s t a a n , w e l k mensbeeld daaraan t e n g r o n d s l a g l i g t , c o n . w e l k mensbeeld men v e r - w e r k e l i j k e n w i l . We z u l l e n h i e r o n d e r i n h e t k o r t d e c o n - t o u r e n v a n d i t mensbeeld b e s c h r i j v e n : Wanneer i k d o o r o e n w e i m e t bloemen l o o p k a n i k d e f y - sieke w e r k e l i j k h e i d b u i t e n m i j z i n t u i g l i j k waarnemen. Z i j i s e r z o n d e r m i j n t o e d o e n . H e e l a n d e r s i s h e t g e - s t e l d m e t d e g e v o e l e n s d i e d i t a l l e s i n m i j o p r o e p t . Z i j h o r e n b i j m i j e n zeggen i e t s o v e r p i j n _ r e l a t i e t o t de w e r e l d om m i j h e e n . Te n s l o t t e k a n i k m i j denkend 30. v e r d i e p e n i n d e wetmatigheden d i e z i c h i n d e n a t u u r l i j k e wereld openbaren. I n deze wetmatigheden e r v a a r i k e e n o b j e c t i e v e w e r k e l i j k h e i d d i e e r z o n d e r m i j o o k i s . Wal ineer i k h e t v o l g e n d j a a r d o o r d e z e l f d e w e i l o o p , z u l l e n e r nieuwe bloemen z i j n d i e i k wederom k a n w a a r - nemen, e r z u l l e n wederom gevoelens - m i s s c h i e n a n d e r e - i n m i j o p s t i j g e n , m a a r d e wetmatigheden d i e z i c h i n d i e bloemen u i t d r u k k e n e n d i e i k denkend k a n t r a c h t e n t e b e v a t t e n , z i j n d e z e l f d e . I n d r i e r i c h t i n g e n w i j s t d e z e k o r t e b e s c h r i j v i n g : o p d e m a t e r i ë l e w e r e l d om m i j h e e n 9 o p m i j n e i g e n b i n n e n w e r e l d , en o p d e o b j e c t i e v e w e r k e l i j k h e i d d i e i n d e v e r s c h i j n - selen werkzaam i s . Op d r i e v e r s c h i l l e n d e w i j z e n v e r b i n d t de mens z i c h met d e w e r e l d om hem h e e n . Dat fenomeen v e r w i j s t n a a r d r i e a s p e c t e n v a n z i j n wezen. kunnen d i e met l i c h a a m , z i e l e n g e e s t benoemen. D o o r z i j n l i c h a a m h e e f t h i j c o n t a c t m e t d e m a t e r i ë l e w e r e l d om hem h e e n ; d o o r z i j n z i e l v e r b i n d t h i j d e z e m e t z i j n eigen b e s t a a n , w a a r d o o r h i j l u s t e n o n l u s t , s y m p a t h i e - en a n t i p a t h i e a a n z e b e l e e f t ; d o o r z i j n g e e s t o p e n b a a r t z i c h hem w a t a l s o b j e c t i e v e w e t m a t i g h e i d i n d e d i n g e n werkzaam i s . A l s f y s i e k wezen h e e f t h i j d e e l a a n e e n m a t e r i ë l e w e r e l d . A l s z i e l e w e z e n 9 l e v e n d i n v o o r s t e l l i n g e n , g e v o e l e n s e n begeerten, h e e f t h i j d e e l a a n e e n z i e l e w e r e l d w a a r i n o o k z i j n medemens l e e f t , a l s geestwezen i s h i j e e n e n t i t e i t en maakt h i j m e t a n d e r e g e e s t e l i j k e e n t i t e i t e n d e e l u i t van e e n g e e s t e l i j k e w e r e l d . . De mens k a n z i c h v a n z i j n d r i e l e d i g wezen bewust werden. Deze e r v a r i n g k a n z 6 i n hem l e v e n , d a t h i j z i c h bewust wordt v a n h e t f e i t , d a t d i t mensbeeld a l s o n t w i k k e l i n g s - p o t e n t i e gegeven i s , e n - d a t d e v e r w e r k e l i j k i n g e r v a n de i n h o u d v a n z i j n v r i j h e i d i s . Z e l f v e r w e r k e l i j k i n g b e - t e k e n t menswording e n d a t h o u d t d r i e opgaven i n . Te n e e r s t e s t e e d s b e w u s t e r z i j n e i g e n e n t i t e i t erkennen i n r e l a t i e t o t a n d e r e e n t i t e i t e n . Te n tweede d e e i g e n z i e l steeds meer t o t w a a r d i g k l e e d v a n d i e e n t i t e i t omvormen. Ten d e r d e d e f y s i e k e w e r k e l i j k h e i d s t e e d s meer gaan z i e n a l s d e w e r k p l a a t s d i e we z 6 moeten i n r i c h t e n , d a t d e z e o n t w i k k e l i n g m o g e l i j k i s . To t z o v e r i n a l l e k o r t h e i d i e t s o v e r h e t mensbeeld, d a t a c h t e r g r o n d v o o r o n s w e r k i s e n d a t v o o r d e a u t e u r s , d o o r de a n t h r o p o s o fi s c h e s c h o l i n g s w e g , d i e i e d e r v a n h e n op z i j n e i g e n w i j z e p r o b e e r t t e g a a n , s t e e d s meer e r v a r i n g s - w e r k e l i j k h e i d w o r d t . Va n u i t d i t mensbeeld Werken i n h o t s o c i a l e b e t e k e n t v o o r ons h e t o n t w i k k e l e n v a n samenlevingsvormen, w a a r i n i e d e r mens op z i j n w i j z e z i c h a l s g e e s t e l i j k e e n t i t e i t k a n verwerke-e l i j k e n . n a a r m a t e d i t p r o c e s v o o r t s c h r i j d t z u l l e n d e s o c i a l e vormen s t e e d s meer e e n a f s p i e g e l i n g worden v a n d e mens i n z i j n d r i e l e d i g h e i d . Omgekeerd, w a n n e e r b i j g e d r a g e n w o r d t a a n 31. h e t i n r i c h t e n v a n S o c i a l e vormen d i e z i j n a f g e l e z e n a a n de mens z e l f - e n o p v e l e p l a a t s e n i n d i t r a p p o r t i s i n d i e r i c h t i n g verwezen - z a l d e mens z i c h d a a r i n a l s d r i e l e d i g wezen kunnen herkennen e n z i c h daaraan i n d i e r i c h t i n g kunnen o n t w i k k e l e n . Het b e z i g - z i j n , met d e o n t V i k k o l i n g v a n deze s a m e n l e v i n g s - vormen i s d e Meest w e z e h l i j k e vorm v a n z e l f v e r w e r k e l i j k i n g . Proces e n r e s u l t a a t v a l l e n d a a r samen. BIJLAGE ONZE GESPRMCSPARTNERS H i e r o n d e r v o l g e n d e namen v a n degenen met w i e w i j i n d e l o o p v a n onze o r i ë n t a t i e i n p e r s o o n l i j k c o n t a c t z i j n geweest. 1. Gehandicapten Raad De h e e r A .M. v a n Beek Biesterweg 4 4 5615 A J E i n d h o v e n 040-782201 2. F e d e r a t i e M a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e D i e n s t v e r l e n i n g De h e e r M. B e r g e r Groot H e r t o g i n n e l a a n 4 5 2517 EO D e n Haag 070-453200 3. D i e n s t M a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e Gezondheidszorg De h e e r D r. E . S . Bosma Gorechtkade 6 - 1 0 9713 CA G r o n i n g e n o50-139744 4. Centrum v o o r G e z i n s v e r z o r g i n g e n M a a t s c h a p p e l i j k Werk R i j s w i j k e n Vo o r b u r g Mevrouw C . B o t h e - D u n selman Geestbrugkade 3 5 2201 CX R i j s w i j k ( Z H ) o7o-906860 5. N e d e r l a n d s Zeehospitum De h e e r J . H . Bromelow Postbus 50401 2505 L K D e n Haag o7o-6c666o 6. D e h e e r W.B. Camoenié Luchthavenlaan 1 6 5042 TD . T i l b u r g 015-672064 7. M i n i s t e r i e v a n Vo l k s g e z o n d h e i d e n M i l i e u h y g i ë n e De h e e r P. H . J . M . Daams S e c r e t a r i s Dokter R e y e r s t r a a t 1 2 / P o s t b u s 4 3 9 2260 AK Leidschendam 070-209260 8 , G . G . D . De h e e r J . M . E i l a n d e r Jac. v . d . I J n d e s t r a a t 7 5 2274 XA V o o r b u r g 070-694011 9. D e h e e r A .P.M. v a n G e s t e l Poemalaan 1 5691 G i l S o n 04990-1241 ( z a a k ) 04990-1934 ( p r i v e ) 10. De h e e r D s . J . v a n d e r G r a a f f Van C a t s s t r a a t 1 9 1851 J G H e i l o 072-331356 11. S t i c h t i n g “De Kempen” De h e e r B . J . G r i m b e r g N i e u w s t r a a t 2 5 5521 CA E e r s e l 04970-5477 12. Gehandicapten O r g a n i s a t i e N e d e r l a n d Mevrouw J . T h . v a n H a p e r t - I a t h o u e r s P i s a n o s t r a a t 3 7 5623 CA E i n d h o v e n 040-434379 13, N e d e r l a n d s e Ve r e n i g i n g v o o r R e v a l i d a t i e De h e e r S . F. H o e k s t r a Oude G r a c h t 1 5 6 / P o s t b u s 3 2 3 3500 AH U t r e c h t 030-331121 14, R e v a l i d a t i e c e n t r u m De h e e r G . J . J . M . v a n H o o f f Kempensebaan 9 6 5613 JG E i n d h o v e n 040-444166 15, P r o v i n c i a l e R e v a l i d a t i e S t i c h t i n g N o o r d - H o l l a n d De h e e r D r s . A . Horsman Spaarndamseweg 520 2022 EC H a a r l e m 023-330950 2. 16. Gemeenschappelijk A dmi n i s t r a t i e k a n t o o r De h e e r E . A . C . H u y b r e c h t s Markendaalseweg 78a 3411 KD B r e d a 076-222461 17. P r o v i n c i a l e R e v a l i d a t i e S t i c h t i n g Z u i d - H o l l a n d De h e e r A .A. J a c o b s E i s enhowerlaan 142 2517 KE D e n Haag J070-549002 16. Gemeenschappelijk Medische D i e n s t De h e e r K . H . J . K e t t e n i s Bos e n Lommerplantsoen 1 1055 AA Ams t e r d am 020-079111 19. Centrum v o o r G e z i n s v e r z o r g i n g e n M a a t s c h a p p e l i j k Werk R i j s w i j k e n Vo o r b u r g Mevrouw J . v a n d e r Knaap Geestbrugkade 3 5 2281 CX R i j s w i j k ( Z H ) o7o-90686o 20. De h e e r D r. H . J . K s t e r Jan Muschlaan 51 2597 TP D e n Haag 070-246785 21. JOINT De h e e r D r s . A . T h . D a t h o u e r s Luybenstraat 1 9 / P o s t b u s 2 8 6 5201 AG D e n Bosch 075-139920 22. S o c i a a l Medische D i e n s t v o o r Z u i d - H o l l a n d Mevrouw T. J . L a v c o i j P r i n s e g r a c h t 7 1 2512 EX D e n Haag 070-469363 23. R e v a l i d a t i e Centrum De h e e r H . v a n d e r L i n d e n Kempensebaan 9 6 5613 JG E i n d h o v e n 040-444166 24. M i n i s t e r i e v a n S o c i a l e Zaken De h e e r M r. M . W . . J . M e n k e n P a r k s t r a a t 2 0 2514 J K D e n Haag 0 7 0 - 6 2 4 6 5 1 / t e t . n r. 5 2 7 25, S o c i a a l HediSche D i e n s t v o o r Z u i d - H o l l a n d De h e e t J . M o o r P r i n s e g r a c h t 7 1 2512 EX D e n Haag 070-469363 26. D i e n s t M a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e D i e n s t v e r l e n i n g De h e e r M r. A . J . Roggeveen Generaal S p o o r l a a n 2 - 4 2283 G i l R i j s w i j k ( Z H ) 070-949331 27. S o c i a a l Medische D i e n s t v o o r Z u i d - H o l l a n d Mevrouw A . Rood-Nieuwland P r i n s e g r a c h t 71 2512 EX D e n Haag 070-469363 23. D i e n s t M a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e Gezondheidszorg De h e e r J . R u t t e n Gorechtkade 6 9713 CA G r o n i n g e n 050-139744 29. S o c i a a l Medische D i e n s t v o o r Z u i d - H o l l a n d Mevrouw M.Th. S c h o u t e n P r i n s e g r a c h t 7 1 2512 EX D e n Haag 0 7 0 ~ 4 6 9 5 6 3 30. JOINT De h e e r S . S p r u y t Luybenstraat 1 9 / P o s t b u s 2 6 3 5201 AG D e n Bosch 073-139920 31. G . I . M . D . De h e e r E . S t e l l i n g a Willem I I s t r a a t 2 3 5038 DA T i l b u r g 013-551944 4 . 32. JOINT De h e e r D r s . J . Timmer s L u y b e r s t r a a t 1 9 / P o s t b u s 2 6 0 5201 AG D e n Bosch 073-139920 33. P r o v i n c i a l e R e v a l i d a t i e Z u i d - H o l l a n d De h e e r L . K . Toxopeus Eisenhowewlaan 142 2517 KU D e n Haag 0 7 0 - 5 4 9 0 8 2 34. JOINT De h e e r A . Umans Luyberstraat 19/Postbus 268 5201 AG D e n Bosch 073-139920 35. M i n i s t e r i e v o o r Volksgezondheid e n M i l i e u h y g i n e De h e e r V i d d e l e e r Dokter R e y e r s t r a a t 1 2 / P o s t b u s 4 3 9 2260 AK L e i d s c h e n d a m 070-209260 36. Z i e k e n h u i s c e n t r u m De h e e r A .A.G. V l i e r h u i s Oudlaan 4 / P o s t b u s 9696 3506 OK U t r e c h t 030-739911 37. S t i c h t i n g “De Kempen” Mevrouw S . H . T. Vo s - v a n Neck H i e u w s t r a a t 2 5 5521 CA E e r s e l 04970-3477 38. AVO-Neder land De h e e r 0 . F. J . V u i s t e r Postbus 850 3800 AW Ame r s f o o r t 033- 35214 39. D i e n s t M a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e Gezondheidszorg De h e e r A .M. v a n Weelen G o r e c h t ~ e 6-,10 9113 CA G r o n i n g e n 050-139744 5.
INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION Barrel kenboschlaan 8 - PO Box 299-3700 AG Zeist - Holland - Tel (03404) 20044 ASSISTANCE TO DISABLED PERSONS REPORT OF A GUIDE WORKBOOK FOR VERNIEMiERS * I CONTRACT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION A. Reason for the study B. The research itself C. The continuation 5 8 6 4. 7 9 5 AB-BE/LG page 2 2 3 3 II 717m7 IMAGE OF THE FIELD 5 III METHODICAL TOOLS FOR RENOVATION WORK QUESTIONS IV 6 8 A. General 8 D. The disabled 9 C. The infrastructure 13 D. The help process 24 V METHOD MAN AND IMAGE 28 A. The significance of the methods that the researcher and change agent use 28 B. Intent, process and result 28 C. The choice of humanity 29 Appendix - Our partners are recommended to take “short story”, in which the material in this report in a narrative picture is summarized knowledge. Upon further distribution of this report the authors appreciate them to be informed. They are also gladly informed about the experiences that they-done when working with this material. ASSISTANCE TO DISABLED REPORT OF A GUIDE I CONTRACT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION WORKBOOK FOR INNOVATORS 2. A. Reason for the study in 1976 turned the NVR itself to the then Secretary of State Hendriks with the request to provide funds for a study of the co? Ordination and cli? Nt targeting of assistance. The service organizations themselves made them worry about it.The question has been referred to the sub-committee of the Interdepartmental Steering Group Rehabilitation. Previously set This committee saw no reason for such an investigation, “Now through the AAW the GMD increasingly central entrance point would be, were indeed all conditions for a co-ordinated assistance available when the NVR wanted to make public funds claim?. , she should demonstrate. “the need for such a study with hard arguments Subsequently, the NVR its members regarded, and the rehabili-dation Fund. This resulted in a budget of 47,000 f, -. The NPI was requested within these possibilities ori? N-reflective study of the problem referred to far-focus. Although already in the autumn period 177 - were summer '78 preparatory discussions and a starting-note was written, could begin in September '78, because only then the resources were available first orientation with the actual ori.? Mr Bekman and Forest UPI conducted during the period September 1 78 - April 1 tot 79 pre kke nmeteen 4 0 - talmensen. In the attachment you get an impression of the distribution to area, profession and responsibility. In total they spent about 500 man-hours (excluding travel approximately 100 hours) of calls, reporting back to interviewees, consultation with a small steering committee of the BVR and preparation of the report. 3s B.The research itself order the “results” of the ori? Orientation and vr you reclining reporting thereon to estimate value to be told something more about the research itself. We have from the outset made us not only as researchers but also as change agents. We have not considered us as outsiders, but as meespelers, who have a human image and clear ideas about the direction in which the aid would have to develop. A methodological accountability, as well as an explicit expression of the humanity behind our method can be found in Chapter V. The research can make no claim to completeness, representativeness or quantitative “hardness”. To this was too modest. Budget Moreover, we do not believe in such, kind ond erz oeki nge n. T egendetijddathet - by its completeness hard to read - report appears reality is again changed and the report out of date. Therefore we are in our study did much more looking for people who are busy to change towards more coherent and cli? Ntgerichte hulpver loan the field. We have been trying to get into their experiences, the resistors that they face, their underlying conceptions, their own shortcomings, ed these people around, we looked at the field. Insight The reader gets an image that appears from the perspective of the researcher, looking through the experiences of real people.We have people not a select-from-sought or determined by sampling methods. Starting with our first contacts within the NV-R, they commanded us, we ordered, we were brought into contact. 0. We see this continuing investigation found continuing in a number of practical experimental projects, ongoing incitement to more coherent and cli? Ntge-oriented assistance methodically and systematically developed. We also see the desirability of a national conference - eg a revalidatiedag, as also occurred in 1977 - making on the issues to be addressed in this report a broad and fundamental discussion is initiated. For the realization of this follow-up we look at the same actual people that were visible through the research for us. We are convinced that they have legs-tions to achieve substantial innovations in this field when they can support each other taking (moral, content, material) and when they Þnanci? Le 4. and especially given procedural maneuver. Therefore, we do not see it as our task now this next phase to fill substance. We are reluctant to regard the experimental projects and the national congress in detail to write Ell find that others should do. Real innovation is determined by people who want something, dare to stick their necks out and dare to build trusting relationships with others.We realize that this approach is at odds with the way the government provides funds. Possible this leads that along other - more personal - channels resources should be attracted. II A PICTURE OF THE FIELD Reports and notes usually contain a systematic list of findings and recommendations. Because the recipients have little time to read a different and often expressed and decimal point by point numbered for clarity. Our own experience - and we found this confirmed - is that such notes crumbling work, both in the own performance life (because there is no overall picture) and in the conversations between people (because everyone there can lights for forward to need pieces own arguments). Such notes motivate too little common and constructive action. Therefore we follow a different path. We want to include a small story in our oral reporting back. An artistic medium has more power than say long-analytical intellectual discourses. While we are not literary artists we have nevertheless made an attempt to use this medium to express. Our findings in a dynamic image The first chapter of the novel (“The fate of the Big House”) gives a picture of the genesis of the field and of the forces that work in it. The second chapter (“The life of a pavilion resident”) gives a personal-biograÞsche view of human prob-lems that takes place in this area.It will be clear to hear that in this chapter the humanity of the researchers inevitably color determines become. In the last chapter (“Breakthrough for new life forms”) is attempted from the positive forces in the field are working to imagineren a future. Process It is a choice. There are also other forces are at work, which give rise to all the other images. For those groups together innovative in this field are busy, it is important to have in the image that one has of the field, sufficient commonality of humanity from which one - and works of the future which they work. The 3preken the novella, a methodical help to work on this commonality of experience. Their absence With this method we want to gain more practical experi-ence. The picture we have expressed in the novel is the result of a number of short image fragments. The latter are written nav conversations we had with people. In the field Some of these image fragments are included in this report. III IMTEODISCIM TOOLS TO VERNIEM / ING 60 We are in the field on the most different places met people who have a good idea innovative?. Also note we saw in many policy viewpoints that certainly important for the future. We also own conceptions developed, which may explain why the loan hulpver little cli? Ntgericht and coherent and to show how that could otherwise.A methodological question of the first order is: “How do we deal with such a notion and conceptions to zb, they become a reality in the countries that they can transform that reality??” This question is particularly important, because one gets the impression that the change in the field an autonomous character. and be few seem to attract a really strange-7 con-trolling upper beleidsnotats. to Even if the working policy visions are translated, ie operationalized 'through policies and implementing actions deductive in such notes into concrete tasks for departments and people, the practical results are usually poor. This is also true when such policy visions through a political decision to reality explained. Human action can be less and less focus on this way. Both the complaint of loss of control of organizations, like the feeling of people put the organization out of the game to be related to this. Our answer to the question asked earlier methodical (“how can you deal with practical conceptions?”) is two rlei:? The first answer is: “Far-close” the conceptions to an image that people can absorb and can work as a driving force in their actions, the story and the way in which we want to deal thus is an example of the second answer is.. translation conceptions in the critical-evaluative questions, which the results of its own act s can be made.Reßectie the action is just as important as the act itself len. Despite all the thinking for-labor is the act itself is highly intuitive. In such actions are the images that we ourselves and the reality outside us have werkzar-m. Lls the results of such actions have become visible, we can evaluate them critically. Such evaluations are fruitful when we know the right questions to ask. A good question can be a consciousness raising effect, can help us images that we carry within us, to correct and to influence. Act as our future Such questions can also bring between people who deal in the field with each act have a positive process of judgment going. 70 We have attempted in Chapter IV all substantive claims, which we have come to translate orientation in the course of our ori? “Consciousness-raising work questions tbv0 common judgment between workers in the field.” Many such questions will help find meaning middle between polar forces, working in every situation. If forces we need them, but if we do not find out where they should be employed and how they can keep each other in balance, we will get in sidedness and be paralyzed by their polarizing effect. In the notes to the questions the reader can clearly experience what conclusions we ourselves have come, what bnze opinion on developments in the field.Why we have not enough these conclusions and the trans-lation into policy proposals may have become out. Previous clearly The reader can however get the feeling that it is not necessary to ask questions because “that are already made enough. We now need concrete solutions”. Our opinion is that many “concrete” solutions remain abstract, because they are not based on a thorough understanding of the forces in the field and the people are employed. The questions about the gen-set values are “do-ask” how can we achieve that …. what should we do to …., etc. But when the act, that there is going to follow in a field situation that is not seen, which illusions and when that act is done by people who have limited visibility on their own and each other's motives, then such action ineffective. Therefore we have little “do-questions” asked, but predominantly “knowledge questions”. Such questions are rarely asked. There is no time and moreover they are threatening because they can lead to confrontation and disillusionment. Therefore it will work some protection, ask these questions or guidance. People who are in a working relationship with each other and each other and start asking themselves questions about concrete matters relating to work, to create conditions for that. The size of the group, the space, the time available, the visual aids, clarity about why and how, are issues that are associated with it.Some groups will do this in our own management successfully others will have guidance when needed. IV WORK - APPLICATIO N A. Overall we 80th in the previous chapter, we stated that substantive conclusions, if they are practical activity must be transformed into evaluation questions that can be asked. Requirements to work WE want in this chapter are beginning to do so, knowing that in this respect much methodological development is needed. We want to temporarily leave in the middle for whom the questions are relevant. We're talking about workers in the field and are referring to politicians, civil servants, free professionals, institute employees, volunteers, in short all those working in the field are helpful. Each group will have to find its own questions. We are three major areas that can be encountered. Questions The first is: gehandicapI2. How do gleam as such? We can make a distinction between questions to: a, the image of man b. the significance of the disability for the individual c. the meaning of disability to society. The second area where questions can be asked is: infrastructure. The field is segmented along all possible lines and bundled. The most different groupings play along. We can make a distinction between questions to: a society-image b. the lines along which differentiation occurs in the field c. resources, which in the context field is cre-ated.against him and against the far-The third area in which questions can be asked is: To help process. When we look at the actual process of care, raises numerous questions such as where, by whom, in what order, which, etc. Many of these questions find their answer already by the previous. There remain some key questions. These cells do we rank among questions: a vision of the self help process b. who should help c. who should be helped. Beeldftagment 1 “I'm Jan Alleman, I am disabled and unemployed and I come for a benefit.” Not long after this opening is Jan Alleman is categorized classified back on a list of GHD. He is incapacitated handicapped unemployed has problems at home, a uitker ± ng must have public support and guidance has required adaptation of home waiting for a wheelchair must join various assisting organizations need any physical therapy 1 1 1. has legally upright duswij - zullenuhelpen with points 1, 5 and for other items, refer to respective social workers, cross associations, etc. “Yet Jan Alleman a whole, he lives in his situation and he can not neatly unravel his problems and a put straight. “My name is Jan Alleman and I need help because I can not handle my problems. Home is difficult, I do not know which way I should.”Jan Alleman comes in a situation where lives two worlds for him. Home with his family and in the world outside of the service. Especially in the beginning it is a commute back and forth. Again and again ij wonders whether the answer of that world, which (as it seemed at him when he was there) joined his need, there are now actually has it now that he is back home something to wait for an answer Jan Alleman Meanwhile conferencing service providers about their problem -.. disability and how we can do things together, as each tries to operate from? his own tent Jan Alleman And besides, what are our standards for hulverlening? And who now represents Jan Alleman? The social worker wants to, he wants to speak for the cli? nt as a whole. Who's he talking to then, GMD or cross-association or is the Jan Alleman itself that should speak for itself. He is what is at stake. He can speak from him alone. But he does not . After some time he talks like what he says, in the responses of the service, but at home everything hangs together and there is not much change B. We want handicapped disabled around three questions: -.. humanity from which we look at him - what is the meaning of the disability for the individual - what is the meaning of disability to society We will now these nine themes long run and try to show:? - what views we have come across content - how we ourselves look;- Questions to which it leads. We will try to formulate substantive viewpoints so that the force field around the phenomenon is visible. The questions intended to examine: - regarding problems are from what part of the force they arise; - regarding solutions need to be in order to bring a healthy development to establish what powers strengthened. 1. From which humanity we look at him? In his “Textbook for rehabilitation” writes Schut (ed.): “Man is an indivisible unit with three” sides ”(aspects, facets) and have a psychological (mental), social (social) and somatic (physical ) side. The man is a psycho-socio-somatic unity. When?? n is disturbed, these sides will this unit, even a disorder actions of the other two facets. What kind of man are the workers the field and they come about really talking to each other? Et what they mean by saying that they do so using? We have in our way also discussed a threefold humanity (see Chapter V), but it is the same as that ? Schut And again: people will be able to come in the identification of these three aspects readily to each other at a high level of abstrac-tion, but the actual content and the accents are very different and that determine the direction in which the act. goes.The 66n can notice that he actually somatic still find very dominant, the other talks as the man that through everything by-the-environment-specific-are sound and the third constantly stressed the Image Fragment 2 ” disabled “in our world speaks something to that world. He says: The world is getting more complicated, more complex, less and less uniform. He shows up in all types of shapes of mechanically repeating timer to the wide variety of living forms in which all material? Le things find their place and getting new material? Le objects are in place to conquer. In the language expresses itself in all this. Increasingly difficult the words which the phenomena to be caught. More and more things are placed, otherwise it seems that chaos occurs and the man will rollers, under snow, flooding, crowding. Man searches for his guidance, other people try to give their support but lose it, because it does not or only partially, it must always be different. The handicap, initially source of all kinds of confusion, fear, and uncertainty eludes this. She remains, how the world is changing, it is often the permanent element in the life course. She is the source of many questions, some of which lead to an answer, a solution, and thus to each result, other questions are long and force them to choose between a further search or based on man. Every man has his disability.Most do not know him and live in the illusion of being normal. Many are confronted with their disability. The handicap is persistent. He will not be canceling,. The expert can intervene what he wants, how he wants to fight the disability, he fights always something in people, that those people are not likely to decrease. The handicap tells his support: “Carry me around, work with me, distort me, fighting me, do not walk away from me, because I'm with you and I agree that you can develop your powers I hang like a. block to your leg, I hinder you in many movements, I defy and harassing you along until you see me in the eye and combats the mine. Others try me you take away, but that is an illusion. Others try to help refashion me. they're on the right track you. At some point I will reward your efforts, I shall go in and when you power working in you. I will give power where you still do not know have. many give up too early, even more do not see me, they jostle me to their subconscious, but they forget that there my safe house. I can do whatever I want. My carrier will not notice , only he will wonder where the problems he encounters come. ” uniqueness of personality. And then there are many differences as possible regarding the origin of this uniqueness, respecthow the environment on one or the other human acts and respect. the significance of the body for the human life. Good cooperation between workers is only possible if they are aware of the concept of humanity from which they work. And awareness for them they need each other. Good care means that a rich and nuanced as possible to human nature lies at the basis of. Workers can help each other to this far-rich. For that purpose, the following work question be formulated (in the I-form, but intended as a theme of conversation between workers). From which of man I work and which dimensions can I distinguish that? 1 0. We want to emphasize again, that this is not going to be a general discussion of the image of man, but to look at the humanity that meet us from our own actions. Following the first set here work question So we look through this question back to their own work. 2. What is the meaning of the disability for the individual? One can look at the ZB disability, that one looks the treatment as an undesirable disturbance of a normal situation. Under normal then mean that someone in his service can provide, reasonable decision about the senses and mind, as an instrument to use his body and so on. Any interference therein, any deviation from the normal situation is considered an undesirable interference, which must be soma-cally, socially or psychologically. CorrectedThe assistance given along this line strongly the character of adjustment and recovery. Another point (ours) is the following: development always occurs in resistors. Each has its own development biograÞe resistors, which may present themselves in incapacities, diseases, disabilities, etc. While these may seem to come as a foreign element “outside” one could consider them as an integral part of the biograÞe. Perhaps the existential-ti? Le fate questions raised alone can be answered from a perspective that reaches back over death and birth … in this regard . From this perspective, any disability a development challenge in the suit-biograÞe which all new power 1 1. can be. brought to fruition We have painted two extremes here. We need to find out, to which of the two actual aid provision tends to be emphasized and which side to middle to find. Healthy To what extent I consider disability as a failure of the existing either as a challenge of the unknown and so, to what extent I'm working on restoring the old either by searching for the opening of the new? 3. What is the meaning of disability to society? In the organizational development doctrine is recommended to work with an experimental group receiving space (Þnancieel, functional and geo-Þsch) with innovationsto practice conscious deviance and thereafter from this experimental farm to influence eg by a change of leadership, the larger system other sales methods, different training style, other complaint handling procedures, etc. This methodology reflects a fundamental development pattern that reality programmatically used puts us in mind whenever we want to see them. We would be able to formulate this law as follows: “Every social system produces the problem bn developing helpers that help the system to its next phase of development.” Marx has something of suspected when he said: “The capital digitalis optical system produces its own gravediggers (the Proletary rs?).” The development viewpoint that we mean appears here in its dialectical reversal and leads inevitably to its complementary caricature: “The revolution devours its own children.” What we mean here is this: getting a sick system as our technological welfare, puts more and more groups to the most various reasons outside the door because there is no work for them, because they are of the system or the system off ill- point, because there is no place for them, etc. Jobless, drug users, disabled, handicapped and many other category? n warden kindly supported with cash benefits, there is even made every effort to get them to re-socialize, re -integrate, re-validation approach, etc. The basic pattern, expressed in the word “re-” however:“You are something that we have lost 120 and we will help you to get back,” or “you are in one way or another out of sync, we will help you find the normal behavior back.” Thus, the closed eyes to the fact that these outcasts a problem for life, which actu-ally the whole system suffers or is not seen these people in their exceptional situation things can or should do that the large system as an example can stretch. - Make blind and deaf not aware that we, so–called seeing and hearing, incentives hardly see anything through the excess sense sensory and hear? - Make wheelchairs with their demands for accessibility of buildings are not aware that we are working to make our scale, streamlined global prosperity for us all inaccessible? - Make the unemployed who receive benefits now and meaningful motivating work (should) do not visible, what it means, when wage and performance decoupled or conversely how screwed up a society in which labor sold as merchandise? - Makes the rescue - sometimes 66n to 66n - not visible, we must learn to live in the economic and moral-disabled world with the reality of mutual dependence? All zelfverzorgerdom, all autonomy, all “provide for its own maintenance, for their own old age care”, enz0 based on illusions!- Make the speciÞeke possibilities and needs of the disabled individual customized education activities not clear how absurd and inefÞci nt standardized education factories where the supposedly channeled through normals?? For example, to expand the examples. Ad libitum Each group of “misfits” may ask the question: “What he lives for, what chance he has what can we learn from him, how can he making healthy back work on the big system?” The work question that we want distillation learn from this examination is: To what extent I want the disabled outside the society places and only take him back if he - with help - adapted and I want to look in the mirror he extent society holds and draw conclusions from mbt0 necessary social changes? Fragment 3 It is difficult for the world d handicapped in his consciousness into account when designing his society. We see our world built in the image of the “normal” person, which does not exist and only picture. It is difficult for disabled people to get out into the world's consciousness because he always faced with the thresholds in him and outside him. How impersonal society becomes, the greater the distance between disabled and world. In the land where life is good, this distance is smaller than in the smoky cities. The service in all its goodness tries to bridge to make the disabled to come into the world. ThemselvesIn the world the organizations of service. From their buildings look policymakers with binoculars over the gap to the disabled and to their bridge builders. There are all kinds of bridges. Some are well done, but very steep so that only the very skilful to get over it. Others are flat and straight, but so narrow that only occasionally happens to someone. Some bridges missing connectors, there must be jumped. Most bridges only allow movement of the disabled island to the mainland to. Here and there you see beachheads coalesce and then turns the traffic to go. Considerably better There is often a meeting there. Walk all streams. Between the two sides There is the silver-stream which is sometimes very broad, sometimes gives highly branched its nutrition on both sides. How that power is no one can see them by all sorts of locks, dams, etc. addressed. It also runs a paper flow, very widespread and arising from very different sources. Here and there is an attempt to add streams by digging. Connecting channels together If you take more from the whole, the picture changes. The colors and movements are increasing in each other about, but it gives no wonder clean panorama. It seems like there is a big tangle dots, tangled together, omtollend rotates. O.The infrastructure, the conceptions that we want to transform with respect to the theme of the infrastructure surrounding the care of questions have to do with: - the image of society - the lines along which arises in the differentiation field, - the means by which the field coherence is created. We will now turn to these questions. 13. 1. Which company image? Assistance takes place in a social context. We think both the formal and legal frameworks as the social attitudes and power relationships that express it. Within this framework, we find different groups to: more or less organized stakeholders, a wide variety of service agencies and finally the government, indirectly governing bodies of organizations, directly in the form of administrative and political lectures at local, provincial and national level . When we speak of a vision of society, we are not working goals: what ideology one holds, but what image comes to meet us from society and what significance this has for the assistance to the disabled. We want this - crisp characterize by pointing to some tenaenties - our image. - More and more areas of life are subject to far-wetenschappelijking, object of expertise, come within range of experts and professionals. Each of these areas is likely to be the living reality. Thus afgekapseld- More and more working and living relationships to stakeholders play in setting goals, rules, working conditions, etc. They organize serving, political decision-making in groups. By the manner in which they do this, they work polarizing in the field in which they work (employees against employers, consumers against producers, etc.). - The great flight technology, industry and organization skills have taken have led, that virtually every need in every area of life object of a business approach can warden. Whether this concerns need to eat and drink, land and labor force or recreation, health and education, everything tends merchandise to be expressible be as (un) costs to appear in a calculation in cash by this trend . - A fourth trend is the previous three recalled. The interweaving of the cultural, social 14 - and economic life and the negative impact of the three tendencies mentioned on living areas, the government sees dcheppen, always measuring compulsive order to act by normative, executive and controlling. In almost all areas of life she is penetrated with its bureaucratic organs inside. This trend leads to: - that individuals and groups in their willingness to take initiatives and to contribute discouraged responsibilities and finally be paralyzed - that injustice in the distribution of available resources increases, in the polarized political- cal decision, orgo many nuances lost through bureaucratic nivele ring; - that the re le needs not satisfied, be-cause they are no longer visible through the civil service it, or because politicians to speak pipe making groups? they no longer know. The people we met at our orientation ori?, Far-woordden this often “the government is far away, anonymously, log and paternalistic”. We have asked ourselves which these feelings of failure, injustice and alienation in fact be called. We see the cause including a number of public methods, we orientation ever encountered again in the course of our ori:? Decision making, resources, provision and control. - The decision-making. Characteristic of the decision-making is that it becomes increasingly difficult the groups and people who have specific needs and those of the concrete possibilities and willingness to bring relief to have a conversation with each other and the resulting decisions, which aid where for whom will be delivered, bring forth. In this decision, the government increasingly central role. - The provision means. Resources are in kind far-extends, or in budgets that may be. Paid only for activities defined Interested individuals and organizations are not themselves have the means (and thus the freedom of alternative use when the situation calls for it), but can get certain facilities or activities covered.And that word “some” is the problem. The government is increasingly determine-the body. As also in education and health care is the case, the government will largely deal with the contents of the auxiliary grant. Fragment 4 “People still seem ultimately immature, incmust operate to the ghettos to break a bit I would like to colleagues about my cli? ingredients talk, sometimes I want my cli? nt sometimes look at home and sometimes we just want to talk to each other about our internal affairs, but times like that I do not deserve to center, I am in fact a loss. All those activities in which I as an ordinary person more power can use only those of my specialty (which therefore fruitful can - be)?. Woramlbelemmerd by that Þjne central Þnanci le coercive structure ”” But, “said the first man,” you are the specialist for you there is no other, no one can do what you do. Is not it logical that you sit for that work there. Other work, others do also. ”” That's what you think, “said the specialist.” There's very little I can only but others are afraid what to take over. Many specialists do things that are not necessary for the patient? nt, but they do make. their spec ia-realistic masterpiece where Much of what we do, we can transfer to the first echalon “15 - The control check shall preventive rather Preventive ie repressive:… Government wants it in advance substantive approve and Þnancieel Þateren activities prevent. money was wrongly issued. In this treatment system is slowing, costly and paralyzing initiative to work.Repressive control means global audit-verification, to make adjustments to the future. Broadly in order This view of society and its impact on quality, equity and cost of care, the need calls tendencies to bend and thereby change it. Society image It is natural to think that a government can return to its nachtwakersrol of yesteryear an illusion. They will remain intertwined with all areas of life. They may however be set to limit the creation, monitoring and review of game rules that aim (see the tendencies mentioned on page 13) in all life areas shall be: - to negative specialiseringstendensen to form in healthy professionalization including experts in collaboration with other experts working on practical problem solving - to negative polarization tendencies to form in healthy democracy, where roads are sought for the participation of stakeholders on the basis of equality. And such basic equality is only present when the decision relates to aspects of problems which every man as entitled to take action - to negative verzakelijkingstendensen to form in healthy socialization, socialization with which be referred to the so visible and negotiable making assistance needs, the workers their activity can really focus instead on their own earnings, their continuity or their own status. the needs of the other (the socius) In summary:- We are in the field three tendencies counteracted get a fourth calling and together leading to a view of society, bringing relief to the disabled at risk - we see this problem focused in a number of methods in the field prevalent - we see the desirability tendencies to bend c.cl. to balance - we see a way to do this by a change in the said methods. Fragment 5 There was a time when everything was simple. You had the columns that lent their assistance. In it were helpers who simply looked at what was needed, it was a canary in a cage to bring home the constrained disabled. Bit far-scattering And then it happened, that the government, if they were dissatisfied with what happened, care for the disabled took over. The GMD was born and all the tools were accommodated therein, the people who once helped now had no more resources they saw no more disabled because they were given by the general district nursing. They were allowed to continue, but now they had to go the emergency care rather than the disability itself to the base. And so, an organization created? Erd wherein workers cared another, that the disabled but did not go hungry. There were also people who after six months training had to have the disease course he disabled the labor estimate in view state (“he is only capable of doing light sedentary work”) the invalidity estimate - ting (“He is 82 and a half percent disabled, because he lacks an arm”) and reintegration (“the social workshop for the disabled”). And now may the people who want to work with no more disabled and those who do not mind ge? Interested in this group have now. The work questions to which we want to condense these substantive conceptions following: 16. Try that part of the field of assistance to the disabled, you can clearly see, concretely from their own experience by lights from the tendencies and methods mentioned (you recognize them?, How do you assess them?). Try to imagine what you reverse the tendencies in that situation would. Ask yourself if changing the gehoemde methods thereof to a means and what options you have to re there? To contribute. El 2. On what lines arises in the differentiation? Field We now come to a second aspect of the infrastructure around the relief. When an organization grows the need for differentiation arises. Not everyone can do everything. There are sections decorated with various tasks, staffed with specialists of different color. All these bodies should work together to come (product or service). To a common performance In a field as that of the assistance to disabled people is no different. The most different bodies being established in order to perform a task speciÞeke altogether: agencies foundations, institutions, committees, and so on.It is very important for the proper functioning of the totality, that this process of organ formation in consciousness are done: after all, when the optics-which a group or an organization transforms and takes its place in the field, not clear is, difficulties arise. - Internal: what actually binds us together? - External: how is this group accountable? - In time: do not ask to develop a re-organization? Organs can develop as a response to a re? Le need from the field. After some time, they have become fully. Dysfunctional When they do not dissolve or are to form, they can greatly interfere with the developments in the field. Distributed Fragment 6 A woman, now the kids are gone, dedicated to the disabled neighbor, because she believes, has interest in people and life practice. She visits a year, hundreds of the handicapped home, others in the hospital and she helps every day man who asks her. Again and again she is the controllers, the service behind the pants, holding them to their working lofts. Her promises she tells people “she always how it stands there. Anything They can stay where stops the service time for others. She has no records, they still want to have a fresh and new image, regain. She does not give old information. She sees that disabled people suffer most from their loneliness and under the inhumanity and humiliation by their environment.They are at the mercy of the specialists who sometimes offensive, inhuman and ongelnteresseerd do their job. It is the man who stands between cli? Nt and authority and the shorts from both failure occur, dissolves. She does not give up, carries things through to the final realization: (beware of “the civil scope ') the allowance for the home remodeling is granted - the plan is made - the contractor has been commissioned - the plumber has been - the shower. is accessible and usable. She goes to see if things really work, really adapted present. They know that many problems arise because the attention to detail, the con decree functioning reality is missing. They can not be put off by counter, official dividers, hierarchy. She thrust until she has the man of the file address. Then you can see the distant formal judge “cases” blown away and replaced with lifelike full descriptions of the man and his situation. In addition, they do not. Protects the conscience of officials, managers, etc. She sees through the bureaucrat who, caught in his system, the situation of the cli? Nt do not see that in paper lives in the world of the regulations. They talk about the administrative heads, and set themselves often paternalistic on. They lack the personal identiÞcatie. Opposite her social standing academy students, future professionals. Who seek their security methods and techniques by lack of real interest and social skills.They express itself in a jargon, are concerned with system-critical political actions, place high demands on “them” but so little about himself. They lack the life practice, can hardly write a letter, but try the system by-see. Those students find that n - 4 but little effective work. The system you change her method does not. They want the professional assistance, politicize, she wants the help ontprofessionaliseren, ontpolitiseren and ontcommercialiseren (5 minutes per cli? Nt). The social academy students talk, speak and be-fight with the word. She is busy, meet, and does, sympathizes. 17. Are we in the field the most different facial trdnttn and needs met, which gave rise to organ formation, differentiation, segmentation. From some we had the impression that they had a positive meaning, for the people within it and the productivity out. From others we had the conviction that their existence was long outdated. We have getract bring so organizations using some order in the multitude of differentiatiemo-tives some work questions their place in the critical field may evaluate. The organization views have to do with the nature of the contribution, the functioning of the organization. Types and doelgroepen0 The kind of contribution Contributions come from people in the field and require different skills. These capacities are not thinking of the people that the wearer of his loose.From the values, norms and motives they put their capabilities? Neither can be seen from the moment they are needed in the rescue process. Capabilities that go So we are basically three aspects of this category encountered: denominational, functional and professional. denominational. We are at the end of a period of secularization and discoloration. In many cases, Catholic, Protestant and neutral fused. The denominational backgrounds were generally not re? Have the actual profession and work style. Le significance In such a situation discoloration re? El. But does that mean that we now colorless help, help provide value-free or just all work from the same humanity? We get the impression that there are many places in the OD field strong need for renewed reflection on the people and society of which one is in this field. People may find it hard ground they need in this turbulent field. It could be that this is a beginning, not herverzuiling, but a lot larger-variegation in the field of higher identiteitsver differences between aid agencies. Again functional. A very common basis for differentiation is distinct from planning, implementation and control. One speaks about policy preparatory bodies, bodies on the implementation of care and monitoring to ensure there bodies.Taylor, the founder of the classic business organization, is the first to make this distinction and it also performs rigorous by then. His point of view to all the planning, goal-setting and picture section 7 What is jammed, fossilized know is dissolving, move again. . the specialties;. the structures. the space in which the specialist works;. the hierarchy, “the highest, the most complicated and the best,” into “the first echalon to be the best '. power structures, the super organs. The movement, the solution can only come from the de-encounter between people, separated as they are unable to meet the rigid structure and thoughts now but really want to develop the same direction, it is not to abolish as that important business to purchase business. Basically, there was again open spaces? Erd be, where people can meet without what they need each other. Which they can describe what they are doing, to do it, describe what they want, what their ideals are, describe to each other what their disability is and what they see coming. Place in the future to respond to each other 18. to separate from the executive and to transfer it into separate organs normative work has been that this work requires a higher intelligence and that is scarce. As well as the ability to review and distance as is necessary in the control. His viewpoints date from 1905.They still have meaning, but from experience we know that the separation of planning, implementation and control can lead to practical strange, abstract planning, to frustrating, mentally drained and implementation work to tight bureaucratic control. The fact that the planning, executive or controlling busy appeals other powers in man, does not mean that separation in different organs is always desirable. Such “functional mono-cultures”, the desired properties correct negative deformation. In any case required differentiation along this line the greatest vigilance. Before we address the negative effects often encountered in the field. professional. Most hard separators in the field running along the professions: medical, social law, nursing, Welfare, work study, etc. And these aspects are more tougher, as the various professions endpoints own training lines, underpinned by a own scientific discipline including slang, surrounded by its own status and anchored in a sala-ri? ring scale. The reality is not its problems by itself according to the arbitrary divisions of the pro-fessies. She calls for inter-disciplinary approach. Moreover, what is the actual content of a profession, a science? Is it more than systematized common sense and accumulated experience? Are there not many “clothes of the emperor” in?Where along this line differentiation is working zinning on the uniqueness of the subject and the method of the utmost importance. This prevents fruitless battles at the border, which can be widely observed in the field. b. The functioning of the organization The second major category of reasons why organs splitting has to do with the functioning of the organ itself. We can distinguish two sides: one inside and one outside, the inside: small scale. Organs can be so cumbersome that they no longer function internally. This can lead to split, to differentiation. The question is whether this is always a good solution to the problem. And if that is the case, moreover, to examine under which views the new organs are formed with care. outside: independence. Organs can be so wedged into larger frameworks or so intertwined are in economic or ideological interests that they can no longer function properly. It may wish to isolate, to “to differentiate? Run” out the big picture and is, as they say, more independent and to-sion. Autonomy is Again, the same warnings as above. It will be clear that this inside-enbuiten side, famil chts points at veelalcomplementa ir are: small - scale capacity often calls from outside the need for framing and reads thus often a process of scaling up.That may eventually again be a need calls for greater autonomy and small scale. c. The types of groups A final category of differentiation patterns stems from the need and the need to limit the types of problems you want to solve and the kind of people they want to help. Some specialize on blind help, others on employment, others on the elderly. It is clear - as is the case with n the other category -? Differentiations that never exclusive. When it comes to useful activity for elderly blind people is needed! Cooperation We have in the field the following types of groups found that give rise to differentiation in aid agencies (and also bundling in interest!). . types of disabilities (blind, deaf, asthmatics, moto-vegetarian impaired, etc.) ¥ kinds of problems (education, labor and social security, housing and transport, play and recreation, relatieverzor-tion). age children, adults, elderly) ¥ residence municipality, region, county, state) ¥ status (right to assistance from AAW, AWW, for standswet, etc.) The differentiation in this particular category? n shows the field all transitions and thus the arbitrariness of any format. Children grow up, an asthma domesticus can motor impaired, an unemployed is doing nothing the disabled, education provi-sions require solution of transport problems, people move or live on the border between two regions, etc.Draw boundaries is necessary and yet calls every border problems, because life does not let divide. Fragment OF - I am responsible for the rehabilitation help - I will help you, ma'am - I cordineer the hulpver-lending activities - I choose who will help you - I work independently - The top is responsible for ensuring that it runs well - for these aspects should you are with me - You suffer from the disease … - The cause of your disability - We are especially strong in - It is in our discipline above all that - for practical help for you in the … - According to the law on disability, you are entitled to … - Our organization is best … TO - We introduce ourselves jointly responsible for the reha-bilitation aid - We will help you, ma'am -? You co-ordinates the rescue operations - We present who can best help - We work together - The base is responsible for the going well and we that they can deliver - for some aspects need specialist help be invoked - What does this mean for you sick? - The impact of your disability may look like - Our input is especially … - Our discipline is to contribute the following - What practical help we give - Given we can do the following with our resources your need - Who would be the best th is hearing? and for that we as a service provider aßeren barren old habits and our fruitful learning habits.Do we dare show. Our weaknesses together We must learn to look beyond our own discipline. We need to develop the capabilities that enable real-hulpver loan, such as observing, listening, things actually-body problem, enlightening questions and not only with ourselves, speak, control, solutions which are phrases. We must humanize our assistance. “The real deficit and go see the right initiative devel-folds.” 20. The solution of this problem refers strongly to the next and final chapter of this part: by what means is in the field coherence ge-sheep? In summary, in this chapter was discussed intersections of the field from: the nature of the contribution (denominational, functional, professional), the functioning of the organization (small size and independence) and species groups (types of disabilities, types of problems , age, location, legal) We want to close this chapter once again work with some questions, such as those arising from the foregoing. Go for your own organization after using all mentioned in this chapter differentiation inputs: - perspectives from which we differentiated? - That differentiation characteristics sufficiently clear to our organization-Provide s own identity? ¥ internally for employees? . external view from the field? - Are the lines along which we have still got our individuality or ask the relevant development for review? - How do we deal with “border problems” (ambiguity in adjacent disciplines, issues, groups)? 3. By what means is created coherence in the field? Ue now come to a third aspect of the infrastructure around the relief. This aspect forms the complement of the previous one. Everywhere differentiated, should be integrated again, everywhere is separated, again consistency are created?. This can be done in different ways. We want below describe what we encountered, both positively and negatively in the field. We will again bring his organization in that there is a meaningful context is created and the conceptions to critical evaluation questions can be compacted. At the end of this section, again 21. The key questions to ask here are the following: - what is bundled? This also also shed light on the question of bundling motif. - Which is bundled? This says something about the method, the how, and the nature of the relationship that would result. - Who brings it? Where are the bundling initiatives? Of which groups is a bundling force? a, What is bundled? It makes a big difference whether one brings experience, agents or needs. . Experiences. People from the same problem-sure, from the same discipline or from the same working method gain experience can bring together those experiences, in order thereby to personal enrichment and professional floor to come.Whether this combination now creates a single study or a fixed 'working relationship, the substantive effect of this kind of bundling is scientific level and better quality performance. The perspective here is that of the development, both for the people and for the organization and its performance. . Needs. Performance which in the previous question was, should be focused on the needs of the disabled in this case. To that end, bundling of requirements are useful. This combination may also lead to improving the negotiating position in a field that are seemingly many conflicting interests at issue. A first step in the direction of a situation in which nevertheless come into their own groups, and people with very different needs, it is visible and be-able on make of these needs. That makes it possible to focus the workers. These needs It is the combination from this motive that we are talking about bundling needs. . Resources. The pooling of resources may be relevant to equitable and efficient as possible to provide behalf, the helping process between the workers and the disabled. Available resourcesWe have observed in the field, that the fragmentation and clutter everywhere to ask bundling, but little discernment of the difference that exists between the pooling of experiences, resources and needs, and between the different goals can thus pursued war-den. Distributed Fragment 9 Then spake the service to his colleagues: “If I put things right in a row, it is even more down, that there are different interests are involved, there is a conflict of interest, it is because I have little power. , otherwise we would even approach the matter differently.'s work, I would organize different, that is a point. I ask myself sometimes wonder, how can the patient? nt Ilelpen as possible as we can not perform the full package. However, it is such a chore having to pick with the government. “release the necessary resources As long as we keep doing the things we know for sure that they go well, the service provider must be discouraged note that he always and especially with organizational questions gets stuck. Forcing all those legal changes to a formal arrangement opposite each other. Makes you ever wonder how it is that we do not really want our business together and to discuss our task is to do it with the disabled, “said the other service. The first service thought, then said: “We now have a network of contacts yet intramural - GMD - home nursing - social work, why not run it?”The second service said:” The infrastructure is there. However, it lacks a common policy. One does not know how and what the other is doing and thinking. It lacks a successful joint relief “They wondered:.” What should be done so that later the “rescuer at the base” with the policy will be determined. Want and what we can do together if we do not even know who is doing what? And besides, we do have nice things, but we still lack a solid foundation piece “A third party who had been listening with thought.” It is still mainly in the service, that he is part of a network of people from different organizations - tions with different abilities. And that network of people to determine what the defect is in the running for the cli? Nt far, what are the things which have become blocked, stuck and that “resolved” to be with each other. 22. b. Which is bundled? We have seen several in the field undertake angles of incidence or integration efforts. From four see performance and integration or by concepts, structures, relationships and cli? patients. . Conceptions. Leading thoughts, common objectives, concepts, educate images have a powerful integrating force in a far-field brokkeld. They can the actions of individuals and groups set up as the north pole of a compass needle. We have been in the field a distressing lack of real policy images, set n. To enthusiastic idea?Beleidsnotats are regularly produced, but they contain little “substance”. They contain little basic, future-powerful viewpoints. They also seem generally to lead without much significance to the fact that her own bed looking. Quite shadowy existence . Structures. A field can also get his consistency by a rational structure, which draws far-band brings in all the activities. This agent is - in close connection with a fiscal and subsidy structure - the bureaucratic government mainly used in management considerations. It has come to our attention that the kind of structures thus created often leads to beds in which life can not flow naturally. More organic structures may arise in connection with the following aspect:. Relationships. People can create cohesion, because they know each other, trust each other, each the ball back and forth, are interested in each other. Thus there through the formal structure around a network of re? Le human relationships arise. We would hereby like to distinguish between the well-known “old boys network”, the lobby, where a limited number of people through a multitude of interlocking and “relationships” behind the schrermen in control and, secondly, the network that created by consciously built trust relationships, interdisciplinary professional interest and common work project experiences. We have experienced the creative power of such networks in the field at certain points. . The cli? Nt.All problems are at the cli? Together. Nt The disabled is an undivided unity. For the sake of the assistance we have set down his question in a psychic and somatic, social 1eeldfragment 10. worker was very begaa n with t he t lo va mi nth s-shared in his field. You had that first group of Surinamese in the shelter, where they were three years now already. - E ndanwaserookdejeugdso ox, which was still fighting, because the young people were bored. And did you do the physically disabled body, often quietly and sat some lonely home. It seemed more and more disabled people were also now de.11A0-ers increased in number. Social worker who felt so bad with these groups and were mostly disabled who are interested. Occasionally he visited there and he was shocked by the problems he heard. The social worker had recently been a great problem in the house. A few weeks though he was with a group of disabled people in contact, which had organized themselves, because the suppliers were never home, when you needed them and also that they are not mutually-tuned in very good spnenwerktenen their work. The social worker had become enthusiastic for-their plans, not least because he is so perfect “to activate the base” could do and achieve.They had met a few times with him and he promised them his help and support. Now the fate befell him so much that he almost simultaneously by his boss, the director of the foundation social welfare, in-out was to participate in a project that truly social work had set. Along with GMD part In this project, the social worker in addition to work study and medical advice should be knowledgeable about determining the future of those who had become incapacitated. In this way, he was in-gelijfd in the corps of service providers, remote ear-sharing, the future of certain disabled people. The social worker was faced with a dilemma. He was both judge and lawyer, both ofÞcier of justice and defender. He wanted to base his position and went to the top. His ideal was the societal GP, the reality was the bureaucordinatore 2 3. in a relationship demand and employment demand, in a short term and a long tetmijnprobleem, but for all concerned is an indivisible whole. We have people in the field who met the inclusion rather than expect the upper side (conceptions) or the middle (structures and relationships) but from the bottom (the cli? Nt).They have the confidence that there will occur between all facets of the aid provision, when guided by the cli? Nt itself, when the disabled intimately involve-ment in the solution are a meaningful coherence own problems, when they help the stakeholders to help process itself to take in hand. The latter integration power is still dormant. Many emergency services (see various reports lately) are so focused apply laws, pay benefits, organization continue, budgets, monitor, game-play with (or against) the government and other agencies, that the disabled person himself often behind the bewustzijnshorizont disappears. c. Who brings it? It is important to distinguish and to check on who (and where) the cohesive forces out into the field. It's a big difference between the center of action is, at the service of the party in the government. The tendency at the moment at which the government is the initiator, that its field of action lies with the service provider (if want to receive your grant, you will need to organize your hierarchical-centralized we wish but a limited number of partners) and that as a reaction to this the stakeholders are going to organize against the government. stronger fistAs was evident in the previous section, all differentiation lines intersect and overlap differentiations, so it is clear how bundling motives, objects, agents and initiators are closely linked here. However, this distinction help in the field more transparent and balanced to make. Overall bundling happen Beeldfragment.11 “When I was in rehab, I felt as if those people were there for me. I was in a schedule of activities, I regularly saw the therapists who put me to work and told me how progressed. Occasionally I spoke rehabilitation doctor and was very satisfied with my claims. He said, on average there are people like you here to 120 days, but I think you do, after 100 days at home. With other people I had occasional contact. You could occasionally exchanging something. How are you, it is really successful, you sounded meet regularly. came to visit the family. they remain well-counted me that they do at home could manage without me, they had divided the tasks among themselves. They also said they would if I was there again. shape pleased me but I have no idea about how it will go soon.'m sure there's all this going to change home . Maybe we should also grow. First I worry that I'm out after 100 days, I have-tion, and that I do exactly what they do. ask me”” I'm home in six months and realize now what am except for position I came. They thought here that everything would go all the way back but it did not. I still regularly to therapy and I sometimes seek out others. I do not know exactly what is going to happen. You'll get to sit on your own, the others helped in the beginning sometimes, but now they say but that I should try, that I shall go forward. Accessories The relationship with my husband has changed. It is not like they used to, he is also very busy now with his work. The kids are nice to me but they do not understand what I am going through. Fortunately, the neighbor a nice girl who feels what it means her husband is WAO there. It makes you do what you have now further. Lots of motion is no longer there, you suft here but in “24 Therefore, our work question at the end of this section: Heem a piece of the field into consideration, you know from experi-ence and ask yourself: -.. What hold the case together - what does that mean for the people in the organizations and services out - would you want to mobilize different context creative forces - what specific ways do you see so D. The help process within the framework of? the infrastructure (see 2) and turning on the disabled (see 1) takes the actual frequency-help process. many questions that will be addressed from there already found their answer.We want to make, because they sound so clearly meet us from the field. Three questions They have to do with the vision to help the process itself, the question of who needs help and who should be there. Helped 1. The vision of the help process itself, the most important question one can ask to help process - and the weight it attaches to that question, says something about the vision one has to help process - whether there is actually a process. - The first characteristic of a process is gradual - a gradual transition from inpatient to extra-mural - a gradual transition from dependence on external expertise for autonomy through self-help, - a gradual transition from one type of assistance (eg more physically ) to another (eg more socially). All these transitions can also abruptly and unexpectedly, so one can not speak of a process, but done in a discontinuous. The question of whether there is actually a process we can also answer by examining the extent to which all the divisions that are dealt an inner coherence, a “form” have, because they not only each other, but also a common picture section 12 the laity in the disability field, often the volunteer experience a distance to the professional. Who knows exactly, but within are vakriehting and that it may also articulate well. Also increases which is well away from the problem.They lay from 8 to 5 man completely divided into specialties and you wonder how to do that. Brought back together They also pay attention to structural issues and interfere somewhat with other workers in the field. They have authority because of their knowledge and understanding and is often indispensable. The people who do the work at home-disabled, such as nurse or doctor standing still next to the volunteer. Clinicians services hulpver loan are already further. The volunteer will and can do a lot, often has its appointed time and perseverance. The professional in the disability field experiencing a distance to the layman, the volunteer. Often stand with their good intentions skilled assistance in the way. You can only in certain situations to appeal to them. They do have a good job, but what superficially. Assistance is a profession, you should know what you're doing. The volunteer and professional: the past and the present. How will the future be? Home teams where nurse, social worker, physician and labor work which secretary / co? Coordinator and people from the different services work, such as GED, cross-association, social platform Provincial teams provincial services Where will be the place of voluntary bodies forget the disability organizations themselves? “The service providers with each other, how will they be?” 25 regional teams. idea (eg a rehabilitation plan) are involved.A final characteristic that we can look if we ask whether a particular process occur in nature, is the phenomenon of development. A mechanical happen is something that goes straight, is determined by known causalities and thus complete plan, predictable and manageable. In an organic process is room for new developments. Each phase creates new realities that may pose events that we had not thought possible. Starting at an earlier stage in their turn A mechanical and fully planned extending happen prevents a new slant. In a live help process is increasingly re-to the reality of the moment considered and from there to the next step. The inner attitude in this respect is the conviction that the process itself work forces are much wiser than our limited intellect. From this view of the auxiliary process itself can work three questions are formulated: - to what extent is the help happen gradually or discontinuous? - To what extent is the integrated help happen or a sum of some help? - To what extent does it help event space for development of the planned straightforward? 2. Hie should help? A second central question in the context of the helper process is the question of who the subject is helping. Three possible answers are met us from the field: the expert, the volunteer and the disabled themselves. Historically the assistance began with the volunteer. All poor relief and Þlantropie was volunteering from the moneyed class.Gradually work began to professionalization. There were special programs, methods, techniques, etc. This threatened the cli? Nt always be on-assertive. The more the worker is professionalized, the greater the distance was to him and the more the cli? Nt had to surrender passively. Another consequence of this development was a strong polarization of the volunteers. The professionals spend-ing volunteers as irresponsible amateurs, hopper-hares, hobbyists and the like. The volunteers well-know experts, they were cold technocrats who were interested in their methods and scientific hypotheses over the disabled themselves. Then comes the turning point. In the context of emancipation and the personalistic currents in the humanities, the word self-help born. The disabled must warden helped to help themselves. The specialist must come from its pedestal, the cli? Nt is primarily responsible for his own recovery, to-passings or development. This is the triangle slowly help their promise. expert volunteer cli? nt The work question at the end of this short section is also short. 260 Our conclusion from our ori? Orientation is that all three have an essential function.The cli? Nt because he is the one who has the problem and must learn to deal with it, the expert because it is undeniable that science and study can contribute to diagnosis and therapy, the volunteer because it is not bound to an organization a contribution to professional standards, performance standards and income problems. He often does - as a neighbor or family - part of the living atmosphere of the disabled and if this is not the case, then the handicapped in his perception still a much greater proximity to him than to the professional. Thus, the volunteer an important source of information for the professional and the professional volunteer give valuable tips to effective. His help work And they both have their own relationship to the disabled. For example, all sides of the triangle - as relationship - cared for warden. Any kind of polarization or to switch off is infertile. View in own field where there is self-help, where volunteer help and where professional help, view the relationships between the three sides of the triangle in your special situation and ask yourself whether and to what means the centroid of the triangle and must be shifted. relations improved . Bee 1141 1E, I nt 1 3 That's me with my disability. Everything is connected to everything. If I were not disabled, I had other problems not so. There is no one in my world that looks to it as I am. I worry as small as possible.If I go hang out wide, all I see nobody. I'm in isolation. No one is against it so as I do. That's us. We have a disability. Everything is connected to everything. You may wonder or disabled only have that kind of problem, as we have them. You're so good-but truly bad, if you can not join in society -. Anyway, we support each other and we can lose our feelings of helplessness, disappointment, fear and aggression also agree. Have disabilities and humor. We laugh at us sometimes rot with each other. I lost, but what they have lost. Well what The are a child, the other his wife, a third his job. We have many common problems. For me they do sometimes look somewhat different. I have not all stick together. Each has its combination of problems. My problem is that I do nothing. I'm gonna see if I can not do anything eg those thresholds in public offices. You wonder, as specialists I have ever come now once went to see, but they thin partitions around them, even if they would ask for advice, agree call each other than they would have a better and more complete picture once have what matters to me. But, taking the initiative is difficult with all those busy schedules. Luckily I still have some time. I can even donate that to another who needs me. 270 5. Jie should be helped?The only central point and that is actually at issue here is the relationship between the disabled person and his environment. In every possible way, our problem from the field at the same must sung: not only the disabled has a problem, or a challenge, but also its surroundings. This environment can be in concentric circles around him signs may. The closest possibly his wife, then his children, close friends and family, the street, the office, to the anonymous society to it. For the circles close to him is the help problem very similar to that of the disabled themselves: learning new hand-skills, relationships reforming, another day rytme, maybe move, changed life perspective, etc. For the circles far away is the help problem differently , more daring set of conscience how we relate to all those groups that we as “on-fittest” or “not to function capable beings” outside society places, how we add to them and to ourselves dealing, who actually “deviations parties” are, what we can learn from them and so on. From this brief discussion follows the work simple question: Is the aid available capacity evenly distributed over the aid to the individual and his environment? EH V METHOD MAN IMAGE A. The significance of the methods that the researcher and the nth vera weird It is known that the kind of answers that a search yields determined in the theory of science by the nature of the question.My hypothesis is quantitative in nature, then the research object dht only part of his reality reveal that the selected sieve remains, in this case the quantitative. Who with a power concept d? social reality of participants, will come true only if power relations dis-played him. Since methods and instruments derivatives (or should be) of hypotheses and problems, the above shall apply this former equally. For the researcher should therefore be a permanent conscience question: “Are my methods and my instruments of the same nature as the object that I want to explore?” With regard to modern physics by Heisenberg was adversely answered this question, he felt called to the statement “the modern scientist takes only his own instruments true!” His hypotheses, expressed in his methods and instruments, slide itself as alien elements between researcher and object. Its analogy of the foregoing challenges in the agogics the insight, that the changes that occur as a result of a process of the same nature as the process she has called. I can report to pursue democratization, when I try to enter the democratization of authoritarian methods I will only strengthen the authoritarian in the situation. When I trustful cooperation will handle calls and thereby controls that are based on mistrust, distrust will me (reinforced) were reflected back from the environment.For example, decentralization attempts to be undertaken, have little effect. Along centralist jobs For the changer will therefore, as powerful as the researcher, a question of conscience should guide his actions: “Are the methods that I use the same nature as the changes I want to bring therewith cause?” B. Intention s pro s and res ult aat 28. The question of the consistency of the method used by us and the results achieved by our proposed respectively - a problem that appears to apply to both the scientific researcher as the “pedagogical change agent” - we want to try to answer below. 2 9 0 To start, we have been so busy at the outset, that hot research itself would have to change a contribution. The “action” nature of our ori? Orientation is obviously still very modest. It is the intention. The inten-tion is so, that reality is not “value-free”, statistically, at a distance described, but targeted, participatory, is set in motion. Thereby open. reveals the reality itself of its dynamic side. The objectives of the action research process were not abstract and technocratic predetermined in the form of kwantiÞceerbare results. The process itself is price-seeking, goal-generating, intentions-evolving, thus becomes a central element. Hot process It has no means of character in the sense of a scientific method that me - produces a test result - an achievement beyond me.There, the awareness that is taking place in the way researchers is the investig ~ result. The process also means no character in the sense of a strategic method that I - as a situation beyond me - an action produces results. Hey, the gelrsg2xerandering who bdj the changer move takes place, the action result. When a number of stakeholders in the process both awareness and changing behavior, which basically means a change in the situation of the structure. This altered structure can naturally return to work on the consciousness and behavior of others. The entire change in our research is at issue is in its essence and changes in and by the people. Because attempted in our approach is to consider two outs of the 6th onderzocksproces and change - nzelfde process and this proc es zel f the core of the intended result, therefore we believe that the question of method and intended result of same nature, can be answered positively. C. The choice of humanity when the core of our intended processes described in terms of changes in and around and through people, the question central to, what humanity underlies it, or what humanity one far-work seem will. We will describe briefly below the contours of this man: When I can I out my senses the physical reality through a meadow with flowers over.She is not my fault. Very different is the ge-tion with the feelings that all this evokes in me. They belong to me and say something about my, relationship to the world around me. Finally, I'm thinking 300 delve into the patterns that reveal themselves in the natural world. In these laws I experience an objective reality that there is no me. When I walk by the same pasture, there will be new flowers that I can perceive, again the next year there will again feelings - maybe others - take off in me, but the patterns that express themselves in those flowers and I can try thinking to contain the same. In three directions pointing this short description: le on the material world around me, on my own inner world, and the objective reality that operates in the phenomena?. In three different ways humans connect with the world around him. This phenomenon refers to three aspects of his being. We can identify with body, soul and spirit. Through his body, he has contact with the material le world around him;? His soul he connects this with his own existence, making him pleasure and pain, sympathy and antipathy experience to them, by his spirit reveals itself to him what if objective law in the things works. As a physical being he has participated in a material? Le globe.If soul being, living in performances, feelings and desires, he has participated in a spiritual world in which his fellow man lives as a spirit being, he is an entity and he makes with other spiritual entities part of a spiritual world. The man can be aware of values are threefold being. This experience can z6 in his life, he becomes aware of the fact that this is humanity as a development potential given, and the realization that its contents of liberty. Self Realization working signs incarnation and that holds three tasks in. Firstly increasingly aware own entity recognition in relation to other entities. Secondly, the soul increasingly transformed into garment worthy of that entity. Thirdly, the physical reality go see if we need to organize the workshop, that this development is possible. Z6 increasingly So far in all brevity something about human nature, that background for our work is that more and more experiential reality by anthroposoÞsche schooling, each trying to get from them in his own way for the authors. From this humanity Working in hot social means to us to develop forms of society in which every man in his own way-processor; may seem. Spiritual entity as Her Mate this process progresses, the social are increasingly a reflection of man be in his tripartism.Conversely, when contributing to 7 form the Devices eh Of Social who are read to the man himself - et is made in that direction in many places in this report - will man therein being able to recognize as threefold and attach in that direction can develop. The busy-with the development of these societal forms is the most wezehlijke form of self-realization. Process and result are there together. ANNEX CALL OUR PARTNERS The following are the names of those with whom we have been orientation. In personal contact in the course of our ori? 1. Disability Council Mr. A.M. van Beek Biesterweg 44 5615 AS Eindhoven 040-702201 2. Federation of Social Services Mr. M. Berger Groothertoginnelaan 45 2517 EC The Hague 070-453200 3. The Department of Public Health Dr. E. S. Bosma Gorechtkade 6-10 9713 CA Groningen 050-139744 4. Center for Family Care and Social Work Rijswijk and Voorburg Mrs. C. Bothe-Dunselman Geestbrugkade 35 2201 CX Rijswijk (ZH) 070-906060 5. Mr. Eng PO Box 2505 LK 070-686660 Zeehospitum the JH Bromelow 50401 Hague 6. Mr. U.B. Oamoenig Luchthavenlaan 16 5042 1D Tilburg 013-672064 7. Ministry of Health and Milieuhygi? Ne Mr. FHJM Daams Secretary I.S.R. Doctor Reyer Street 12/Postbus 439 2260 AK Leidschendam 070-209260 8. G.G.D. Mr. J. M. Eilander Jac. v.d. IJndestraat 73 2274 XA Voorburg 070-694011 9. Mr. A.P.M. van Gestel Cougar Lane 1 5691 GH Son 04990-1241 (Case) 04990-1934 (Private) 10. Mr. J. van der Graaff From Catsstraat 19 1851 JG Heilo 072-331356 11. Foundation “De Kempen” Mr. D. J. Grimberg News citrate 25 5521 Eersel CA 04970-3477 12. Disabled Organisation Netherlands Mrs. J.Th. of Hapert-Lathouers Pisanostraat 37 5623 CA Eindhoven 040-434379 13. Dutch Association for Rehabilitation Mr. SF Hoekstra Oudegracht 136/Postbus 323 3500 AH Utrecht 030-331121 14. Rehabilitation Mr. G.J.J.M. van Hooff Kempen Baan 96 5613 AA Eindhoven 040-444166 15 Provincial Rehabilitation Foundation North Holland Mr. Drs. A. Horsman Spaarndamseweg 520 2022 EA Haarlem 023-380950 2. 16. Joint Administration Mr. EAC Huybrechts Markendaalseweg 78a 3 4 1 1 ICDB reda 076-222461 17. Provincial Rehabilitation Foundation South Holland Mr AA Jacobs Requirement enhowerlaan 142 2517 KH The Hague 070-549002 18 Joint Medical Service Mr. KHJ Kettenis Forest and Lommerplantsoen 1 1055 AA Amsterdam 020-079111 19. Center for Family Care and Social Work Rijswijk and Voorburg Mrs. J. van der Knaap Geestbrugkade 35 2281 CX Rijswijk (ZH) 070-906860 20. Mr Dr. H. J. Kster Jan Musch Laan 51 2597 TP Hague 070-246785 21 JOIUT Mr. Drs. A.Th, Lathouers Luybenstraat 19/Postbus 286 5201 AG Den Bosch 073-139920 22. Social Medical Service for South Holland Mrs. TJ Lavooij Prinsegracht 71 2512 EX The Hague 070-469363 23. Rehabilitation Center Mr. H. van der Linden Kempen Baan 96 5613 AA Eindhoven 040-444166 3. 24. Ministry of Social Affairs Mr. Mr.. M.W.J. Menken Parkstraat 20 2514 JK The Hague 070-624651 / t? T.nr. 327 25. Social Service HediSche South Savior Mr. J.Moot Prinsegracht 71 2512 EX The Hague 070-469363 26. Department of Social Services Mr. Mr.. A. J. Roggeveen General Spoorlaan 2-4 2283 Gil Rijswijk (ZH) 070-949331 27. Medical Social Service NSW Mrs A. Red-Nieuwland Prinsegracht 71 2512 EX The Hague 070-469363 28. Department of Public Health Mr. J. Rutten Gorechtkade 6 9713 CA Groningen 050-139744 29. Medical Social Service NSW Mrs M.Th. Schouten Prinsegracht 71 2512 EX The Hague 070-469363 30. JOINT Mr. S. Spruyt Luybenstraat 19/Postbus 268 5201 AG Den Bosch 073-139920 51. G. I. H. D. Mr. E. Stellinga Willem II Tilburg 013-551944 street 23 5038 BA 40 32. JOINT Mr. Drs. J. Timmers Luyberstraat 19/Postbus 260 5201 AG Den Bosch 073-139920 33 Provincial Rehabilitation South Holland Mr. LM Toxopeus Eisenhowerlaan 142 2517 KU Hague 070-549082 34. JOINT Mr. A. Umans Luyberstraat 19/Postbus 268 5201 AG Den Bosch 073-139920 35. Ministry of Public Health and Milieuhygi? Ne Mr. Viddeleer Doctor Reyer Street 12/Postbus 439 2260 AK Leidschendam 070-209260 36. Hospital Centre Mr A.A.G. Elderberry House Oudlaan 4/Postbus 9696 3506 CK. Utrecht 030-739911 37. Foundation “De Kempen” Ms. S.H.T. Vos-van Neck Neuve 25 5521 Eersel CA 04970-3477 38. AVO Netherlands Mr. C.F.J. Vuister PO Box 850 3800 AW Amersfoort 033-35214 39, Department of Public Health Mr. AM of Weelen Gorechtkade 6-10 9113 CA Groningen 050-139744 5.